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Chapter 1

Matter,

Measurement,

and Problem

Solving

Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach , 1

st

Ed.

Nivaldo Tro

Composition of Matter

Atoms and Molecules

Scientific Method

Atoms and Molecules

• atoms

 are submicroscopic particles

 are the fundamental building blocks of all matter

• Molecules and compounds

 two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometric

arrangement

 (^) attachments are called bonds

 Attachments(bonds) have different strengths

 (^) come in different shapes and patterns

• Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand the behavior

of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules.

The Scientific Approach to

Knowledge

• Philosophers try to understand the universe

by reasoning and thinking about “ideal”

behavior.

• Scientists try to understand the universe

through empirical knowledge gained through

observation and experiment.

From Observation to

Understanding

• Hypothesis^ ─^ a^ tentative interpretation^ or

explanation for an observation

 “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the presence

of sugar.”

• A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be

proved wrong

 Falsifiable by doing an experiment

 One test (experiment) may invalidate your hypothesis.

From Specific to General

Observations

• A scientific law is a summary that describes

observations that combines all past

observations into one general statement.

Law of conservation of mass : “In a chemical

reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”

• Allows you to predict future observations

So you can test the law with experiments.

• You cannot choose to violate a scientific law

( Exception State laws)

Relationships between Pieces of the

Scientific Method

(Global application)

Classification of Matter

States of Matter

Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical and Chemical Changes

Solid

Liquid

Gas

a. Fusion/melting

b. Condensation

c. Sublimation

d. Deposition

e. Evaporation

f. Freezing

Answer box

Match the number with corresponding processes in the answer box. Indicate whether

heat is being absorbed or taken away in each of the processes 1-6.

How do these processes relate to the three common states of matter?

Classifying Matter

by Physical State

• (^) fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container
• (^) indefinite = takes the shape of the container

Amorphous Solids

• Some solids have their

particles randomly distributed

without any long-range

pattern─we call these

amorphous solids.

plastic

glass

charcoal

Liquids

• The particles in a liquid are closely

packed, but they have some ability to

move around.

• The close packing results in liquids

being incompressible.

• The ability of the particles to move

allows liquids to take the shape of their

container and to flow; however, they

don’t have enough freedom to escape

and expand to fill the container.

Gases

• Because there is a lot of empty

space, the particles can be

squeezed closer together; therefore,

gases are compressible.

• Because the particles are not held in

close contact and are moving freely,

gases expand to fill and take the

shape of their container, and will

flow.

Classifying Matter by

Composition

• Another way to classify matter is to examine

its composition.

• composition includes

types of particles

arrangement of the particles

Attractions between unlike charges/poles and

attachments (bonds) between the particles