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Mastering the Midterm: Your Comprehensive Guide to Conquering NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology. An Ultimate Guide to Exam Success with Grade A+ Score Latest Updated 2025/2026.
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Asthma - ansChronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma - anscoughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ans-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ansbronchial inflammation hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years Perfusion - ansThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - anscyanosis right to left shunting chronic hypoxemia Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ansthere is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange Right to left shunting - answhen blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion Causes of bronchitis - ans-long term exposure to environmental irritants
what stimulates the parasympathetic system - ansthe vagus nerve What does the parasympathetic system do? - ansIt releases acetycholine which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation What can extreme vagal response result in? - anslife threatening bradycardia What mediates the sympathetic system - ansepinephrine and norepinephrine What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - ansvasoconstriction and increased HR What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - ansreduced stroke volume and fatigue What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - ansdiastole and systole What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - ansgravity and atriole systole What causes the S1 heart sound? - ansBicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves closing What are the atrioventricular valves? - anstricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves What are the semilunar valves? - anspulmonary and aortic valves What causes the semilunar valves to open? - ansAs ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to open ejection fraction - ansmeasurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction What causes the semilunar valves to close? - ansventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves What causes the S2 heart sound? - ansclosing of semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - anssemilunar valves Stenosis of heart valve - ansA narrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - ansNarrowing of the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy heart failure - anscardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion Left sided heart failure characteristic - ansinability of the left ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation Causes of left sided heart failure - anssystemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage Secondary to right heart failure How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - ansThe hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - ansdamage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection Biventricular failure - ansunresolved left sided heart failure will increase pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - ans- high systemic vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase contraction force to eject the blood
hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatibility) autoimmune reaction drug induced development of anemia due to gastrectomy - ansloss of intrinsic factor from surgery results in the loss of protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption an can lead to anemia what kind of anemia can result from incorrect blood transfusion - anshemolytic anemia normocytic normochromic anemia - ansCharacterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number hemolytic anemia is what kind of anemia - ansnormocytic normochromic anemia polycythemia vera - anscondition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes too thick to flow easily through blood vessels Kidney Anatomy - ansrenal artery renal vein cortex, medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal pyramid nephron Nephron Anatomy - ans1. glomerulus
20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into the bowman's capsule depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the nephron/bowman's capsule) oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus) hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's capsule usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes Conditions associated with renal failure - ans- congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - ansan enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II What does angiotensin II do? - ansincreases blood pressure by vasoconstriction Role of macrophages - ans-In Innate: