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MAN 3025 exam 4 Flashcards rated
Symbolic Interaction - ANSWER-in the communication process, a sender will communicate in symbols to the receivers.
Symbols - ANSWER-is a representation of the object, experience, happening, concept, or idea that is being communicated
Sender - ANSWER-The creator of the message being communicated can be a person, a group of people, or even a machine
Message - ANSWER-information, concepts or ideas the sender is attempting to relay
Encode - ANSWER-encode message into symbols such as words, electrical impulses, pictures, body language, etc.
Channel - ANSWER-the means by which the message travels from a source to a receiver; example personal conversation, radio, tv, newspaper...
Receiver - ANSWER-the person the message is intended for
Decode - ANSWER-the receiver extract the meaning of the message through the translated symbols
Feedback - ANSWER-send by receiver after decoding the message
Noise - ANSWER-anything that disrupts or distorts a message, including unclear wording, electronic interference, or literally loud noise during a conversation
Main aspects of the communication process - ANSWER-Sender; message; encode; channel; receiver; decode; feedback; Noise.
Rhetoric - ANSWER-Aristotle believes that there are 3 components of a persuasive message should be considered: source, message, and audience.
Latitude of Acceptance - ANSWER-the degree to which another person's opinion is close enough to yours that you will give it serious consideration
Supportive Communication - ANSWER-is to improve interpersonal relationship and/or reduce defensiveness in the subject.
Major components of supportive communication - ANSWER-Problem-focused, descriptive, flexible
Ad Hominem - ANSWER-attack the person instead of address a problem
Empathetic Listening - ANSWER-try to understand not only the content of the message, but the speaker's implied thoughts and emotional impact as well
Expressed Level of Empathy - ANSWER-understanding the fact of the message and restating a paraphrased form back to the original speaker to clarify meaning and establish that the listener is indeed listening
Implied Level of Empathy - ANSWER-the listener picks up the emotional cues and tries to understand what the speaker may have insinuated or chosen not to say
Level of Emapthetic listening - ANSWER-Expressed level; implied level
Kinesics - ANSWER-Study of posture
Approximating - ANSWER-taking a piece of the communication and treating is as a representative sample
Multiple Channels - ANSWER-different individual or departments evaluate and process different types of information.
Filtering (information overload) - ANSWER-decide what is relevant and irrelevant
How to improve feedback? - ANSWER-Regulate information flow; repetition; simplifying language; effective timing
Barries to effective communication - ANSWER-Filtering; time pressures; value judgments; selective listening; Jargon; differing frames of reference; information overload.
Reactions to communication overload - ANSWER-Queuing; disregarding, approximating, multiple channels, filtering.
Classification Procedure - ANSWER-a evaluation consists of classifying the general performance of an employee into one of several categories such as "great," "good," "average," or "needs improvement"
Ranking Procedure - ANSWER-when the individuals in a group of employees are ranked from highest to lowest according to some aspect of their performance.
Descriptive Essay - ANSWER-required that the evaluator write out a description of a worker's performance. This type of evaluation provides valuable personalized feedback, but it doesn't allow for employees to easily be compared to each other.
Graphic Rating Scale - ANSWER-an employee's various attributes are measured on a numbered scale, usually from 1 to 10. Attributes that are frequently rated include overall job performance, amount of attentiveness, degree of dependability, attention to detail, courteousness, and the amount of work completed.
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale - ANSWER-is similar to a graphic rating scale, but each number on the scale has a specific description that goes with each number. These scales tend to be more accurate and unbiased than graphic rating scales.
Managed by Objectives - ANSWER-employees work with their managers to establish quantifiable, attainable objectives
Participative Goals - ANSWER-lets the employees affected by the goals participate in setting the goals
Assigned Goals - ANSWER-the employees have no influence whatsoever on the content of the goals or level of performance expected.
Do-Your-Best Goals - ANSWER-lets employees create and manage their own goals without any input from the management.
Main types of goal-setting proceess - ANSWER-Participative goals; assigned goals; do-your-best goals.
Basic elements of goal setting - ANSWER-Goal specificity; goal difficulty; goal acceptance; goal commitment.
Goal Specificity - ANSWER-is the degree of detail that the goal describes the desired outcome
Goal Difficulty - ANSWER-is the level of effort necessary to attain a goal.
Goal Acceptance - ANSWER-is the level of acceptance that an individual have toward a performance target
Goal Commitment - ANSWER-is the amount of devotion that a person has to reaching a specific goal
Profit-Sharing Plan - ANSWER-gives a percentage of a company's pretax profits back to employees
Deferred Plan - ANSWER-distributes the gains from profit-sharing into each employee's tax-deferred account, where it grows until it is received by its owner, usually at retirement
Cash Plan - ANSWER-an employee immediately reaps the benefits of the company's performance at the end of the year
Gainsharing - ANSWER-is a financial incentive that corresponds with levels of productivity or other measures that drive up profits in the long term. It is typically paid on a quarterly or monthly basis; is a company-wide incentive program that is similar to profit-sharing.
Scanlon Plan - ANSWER-named after Joseph Scanlon, is a type of strategy that allocates a fixed percentage of revenues toward employment cost. As a result, increases in productivity and revenue are directly and proportionally tied to an increase in the wages of the workers.
Organizational Structure - ANSWER-is the framework within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications.
Organizational Design - ANSWER-is the process of building the organizational structure
five main elements of organizational design - ANSWER-division of labor, departmentalization, span of control, delegation of authority, and coordinating mechanisms
Organizational Redesign - ANSWER-making changes when a structure is in place
Synergy - ANSWER-Job specialization allows employees to work together and achieve results that are greater than if each member tried to accomplish the tasks alone
Departmentalization - ANSWER-is the process of combining jobs into groups or departments
Functional Departmentalization - ANSWER-when jobs that are relatively homogeneous are grouped into silos.
Suboptimizing - ANSWER-departments try to achieve success at the expense of the others
Product Departmentalization - ANSWER-Jobs are grouped by the product being produced
Geographical Departmentalization - ANSWER-when an organizational structure is divided into groups based on location.
Customer Departmentalization - ANSWER-certain market segments of customers have specialized needs
Span of Control - ANSWER-is the number of people that one manager supervises
High Amount of Contact - ANSWER-require narrower span of control
Direct Supervision - ANSWER-employees are continually monitored by supervisors to ensure that they are continuously following the firm's rules and policies
Standardized of Work Processes - ANSWER-standard operating procedures, stringent rules, and technology can help ensure that employees are performing a task a certain way
Standardization of Outputs - ANSWER-the end product has specific standards that must be met
Standardization of Skills - ANSWER-the tasks that the employees do and the way that they do them are determined by the type and amount of their training.
Consultative (System 3): involves the lower-level employees by giving them the opportunity to give feedback and contribute to decision making.
Participative-Group Oriented (System 4) : a decentralized structure, open communication, and a wide base of participation in decision making and goal setting. This style usually requires a high degree of trust between managers and their subordinates.
3 Basic Principles to Guide Decisions - ANSWER-1) Principle of Supportive Relationships: means that every organization has a duty to engage its employees in ways that build and maintain their sense of value and importance. At the heart of this philosophy is the dignity of the individual employee.
Linking Pins: Key individuals who form conduits between two or more groups. Linking pins often serve as information disseminators between management and subordinates.
Both managers and subordinates must aspire to high performance goals
Contingency design theories - ANSWER-: the appropriate organizational structure is determined by the organization's environment.
Technology - ANSWER-is the way(s) that a firm turns inputs into outputs, including the production process, actions, information, and tools that are used.
Environmental Uncertainty (Differentiation): - ANSWER-increased decision and specialization of the workforce into specific jobs.
Information Processing - ANSWER-a company's information processing needs relate to the certainty/uncertainty of its environment
