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Macromolecules Worksheet
Compounds can be organic or inorganic
Organic - compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Inorganic - compounds that DO NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen
There are four classes of organic compounds that are central to life on earth.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches)
- Functions - energy
a. Sugar - quick energy
b. Starch - long term energy
- Make up - C, H, and O
a. Monosaccharides - carbohydrate made up of one type of sugar (ex. Glucose)
b. Disaccharides - carbohydrates made up of two sugars bonded together
(ex. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose)
c. Polysaccharide - complex carbohydrate made up of chains of monosaccharides
ex_. Starch_ - food storage compound found in plants
Cellulose - makes up the cell wall of plants
Glycogen - a food storage compound in animals
Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes)
- Function
a. Fat - stores energy (twice as much as carbohydrates)
b. Plant Wax
c. Cholesterol
- Make-Up - C, H, and O (less oxygen than in carbohydrates)
Triglyceride - consists of 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
(fatty acids are made from CH 2
units)
- Insoluble in Water
- Fats that are in a liquid state at room temperature are OILS
Proteins (long chains of amino acids)
- Functions
a. Enzymes
b. Hormones
c. Structural Parts of Organisms
- Make-Up - C, H, O, and N
a. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids
b. amino acids are held together by a peptide bond (when a peptide bond is formed,
a molecule of water is lost)
c. Dipeptide - two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond
Tripeptide - dipeptide and an amino acid
Polypeptide - long chain of amino acids
Nucleic Acids (made up of nucleotides)
- Functions
a. DNA - stores genetic information
b. RNA - makes proteins
- Make-Up
a. made up of nucleotides
b. a nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar group, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base
- There are two basic kinds of nucleic acids. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) which contains the
sugar ribose and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which contains the sugar deoxyribose.
- DNA - 2 strands of nucleotides; RNA - 1 strand of nucleotides
Enzymes - with few exceptions, they are proteins
Catalyst - substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Living organisms contain enzymes, which are catalysts
Characteristics of Enzymes
Are not used up in a reaction
Combine with substrates
Speed up the rate of a reaction
Enzymes are used for digestion, respiration, reproduction, vision, movement, and thought.
Substrate - reactions that are affected by an enzyme
Active Site - region where substrate binds to the enzyme
Part C. Which specific molecule (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, cellulose) is each food
mostly made of?
- almond 44. celery
- spinach 45. soy beans
- beef jerky 46. cranberries
- bacon 47. egg white
- noodles 48. table sugar
- orange juice 49. popcorn
- cheese 50. lobster
- wheat 51. sesame oil
Part D. State whether each is found in animals, plants or both.
- saturated fat 61. glucose
- protein 62. RNA
- steroid 63. polysaccharide
- amino acid 64. glycogen
- DNA 65. starch
- cellulose 66. phospholipid
- monosaccharide 67. enzyme
Part E. Which food molecule (monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, protein) would you eat if…
- …you needed a quick boost of energy?
- …you wanted to grow strong nails?
- …you haven’t eaten in days?
- …you wanted to grow healthy hair?
- …you had a race tomorrow afternoon?
- …you were getting ready for hibernation?
- …you wanted to get bigger muscles?
- …your next meal will be in a week?
