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Macromolecules and Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life - Prof. Timothy Wutke, Cheat Sheet of Nationality law

A comprehensive overview of the four major classes of macromolecules or biomolecules found in living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It delves into the structure, function, and properties of these essential molecules, explaining how they are composed of smaller monomeric units that combine to form larger polymeric structures. The versatility of carbon-based organic molecules, the importance of functional groups, and the various types and roles of these macromolecules in biological systems. It also covers key concepts such as dehydration reactions, hydrolysis, and the levels of protein structure. This in-depth exploration of the fundamental building blocks of life would be valuable for students studying biology, biochemistry, or related fields, providing a solid foundation for understanding the complex molecular mechanisms that underpin the functioning of living organisms.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Uploaded on 04/28/2024

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MACROMOLECULES/
BIOMOLECULES
Molecules found in living organisms
Macromolecules are organic
Organic molecules – carbon-
containing molecules e.g., CH4
Why is life C-based?
C has 6 electrons (2, 4). To fill its
valence shell, it has to form 4
covalent bonds
C can combine with diverse atoms
using single or double covalent
bonds to form a variety of
molecules – versatile
Macromolecules are polymers made of
monomers
Macromolecule is like a long train
(polymer) made of small cars (monomers)
that are connected in a specific manner by
bonds
E.g., starch is a polymer made of the
monomer glucose
Macromolecules are polymers made of
monomers
Monomers combine to form polymers using dehydration
reaction (removal of water)
Macromolecules are polymers made of
monomers
Polymers breakdown to form monomers using hydrolysis
reaction (addition of water)
Comprehension check
What type of reaction is this?
1. Hydrolysis
2. Dehydration
Functional groups
Groups of bonded atoms with specific
chemical properties
E.g.
-OH – in carbs
-COOH – in proteins, lipids
-NH2 – in proteins
-SH – in some proteins
-PO43- – in DNA, RNA
4 Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction
Contain C, H & O (CH2O);
e.g., Glucose (C6H12O6)
Function:
Primary source of energy
Building blocks (e.g., in DNA)
Provide structural support (e.g., cellulose)
Structure:
Hydrophilic
Monomersmonosaccharides
Polymerspolysaccharides
Monosaccharides (“one sugar”)
Simplest carbs (3-6 C
atoms)
Glucose – energy drinks,
honey
Fructose – fruits, honey
Drawn in linear or ring
form
Disaccharides (“two sugars”)
Formed by dehydration reaction
between 2 monosaccharides
E.g.
Lactose (milk) = Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose (sugar) = Glucose + Fructose
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Polysaccharides (“many sugars”)
Complex carbs
Formed by dehydration reaction between > 2 monosaccharides
Starch – energy storage molecule in plants
Glycogen – energy storage molecule in animals
Cellulose – gives structure to plants; most abundant organic
molecule on Earth
Agar – extracted from red algae
Polysaccharides
Comprehension check
Which of the following is NOT a polymer?
1. Starch
2. Fructose
3. Cellulose
4. Glycogen
5. Peptidoglycan
LIPIDS
Introduction
Contain C, H & O
Function:
Source of energy
Provide insulation
Act as hormones
Form membranes
Structure:
Hydrophobic (uncharged)
Not polymers
Types of lipids
Triglycerides (Fats/Oils)
Diglycerides (Phospholipids)
Sterols
1. Triglycerides
Structure:
1 Glycerol – 3-C molecule (head)
3 Fatty acids (FA) – long hydrocarbon
chains made of C & H atoms (tails)
Function:
Energy store – fats, 9 cal/g vs
carbohydrates, 4 cal/g
Provide insulation as body fat
1. Triglycerides – Saturated vs.
Unsaturated
Saturated fats:
Contain FAs with no C = C
double bonds
Saturated FAs are straight,
pack tightly, & therefore
solid at RT
Unsaturated fats:
Contain FAs with C = C
double bonds
Unsaturated FAs are bent,
pack loosely, & therefore
liquid at RT
2. Diglycerides
Structure:
1 Glycerol + 1 phosphate group
(hydrophilic head)
2 FA tails (hydrophobic tails)
Amphipathic
Heads face water and tails tuck away
from water
Function:
Important part of plasma membrane,
layer that surrounds cells
3. Sterols
Structure:
4 C-containing rings
Diverse functional groups on rings
Function:
Stabilize plasma membranes
Act as hormones, e.g., estrogen,
testosterone
Are these found in bacteria?
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become
one
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MACROMOLECULES/

BIOMOLECULES

Molecules found in living organisms

carbonedto becomeone poten

Macromolecules are organic

  • Organic molecules – carbon-

containing molecules e.g., CH 4

  • Why is life C-based?
    • C has 6 electrons (2, 4). To fill its valence shell, it has to form 4 covalent bonds
    • C can combine with diverse atoms using single or double covalent bonds to form a variety of molecules – versatile

Macromolecules are polymers made of monomers• Monomers combine to form polymers using dehydration

reaction (removal of water)

Macromolecules are polymers made of monomers• Polymers breakdown to form monomers using hydrolysis

reaction (addition of water)

Functional groups

  • Groups of bonded atoms with specific

chemical properties

  • E.g.
    • -OH – in carbs
    • -COOH – in proteins, lipids
    • -NH 2 – in proteins
    • -SH – in some proteins
    • -PO 4 3- – in DNA, RNA

4 Macromolecules

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids

Introduction

  • Contain C, H & O (CH 2 O);
    • e.g., Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )
  • Function:
    • Primary source of energy
    • Building blocks (e.g., in DNA)
    • Provide structural support (e.g., cellulose)
  • Structure:
    • Hydrophilic
    • Monomers – monosaccharides
    • Polymers – polysaccharides

Monosaccharides (“one sugar”)

  • Simplest carbs (3-6 C atoms) - Glucose – energy drinks,

honey

  • Fructose – fruits, honey
  • Drawn in linear or ring form

Polysaccharides (“many sugars”)

  • Complex carbs
  • Formed by dehydration reaction between > 2 monosaccharides
  • Starch – energy storage molecule in plants
  • Glycogen – energy storage molecule in animals
  • Cellulose – gives structure to plants; most abundant organic

molecule on Earth

  • Agar – extracted from red algae growth medium requis diffsugar

Polysaccharides

LIPIDS

Types of lipids

  • Triglycerides (Fats/Oils)
  • Diglycerides (Phospholipids)
  • Sterols (^) king like

structure]

  1. Triglycerides
  • Structure:
    • 1 Glycerol – 3-C molecule (head)
    • 3 Fatty acids (FA) – long hydrocarbon chains made of C & H atoms (tails)
  • Function:
    • Energy store – fats, 9 cal/g vs carbohydrates, 4 cal/g
    • Provide insulation as body fat