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Systemic Circuit
Delivers oxygen to all body cells and carries away waste TERM 2
Pulmonary Circuit
DEFINITION 2 Eliminates carbon Dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the blood. TERM 3
Epicardium
DEFINITION 3 serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. Forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid. TERM 4
Myocardium
DEFINITION 4 Cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and including capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers. TERM 5
Endocardium
DEFINITION 5 Membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, including vessels and specialized muscle fibers. Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
RIGHT Atrium
Receives blood from Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus TERM 7
RIGHT Ventricle
DEFINITION 7 Receives blood from right atrium TERM 8
LEFT Atrium
DEFINITION 8 Receives blood from pulmonary veins TERM 9
LEFT Ventricle
DEFINITION 9 Receives blood from left atrium TERM 10
Path of Blood Through the Heart (Systemic
Circuit)
DEFINITION 10 Blood from Systemic Circuit Venae Cavae Right Atrium (through tricuspid valve) Right Ventricle (through pulmonary valve) Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Arteries Alveolar Capillaries (lungs) Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium (through mitral valve) Left Ventricle (through aortic valve) Aorta Blood to Systemic Circuit
Blood Vessels
Arteries *Carry blood away from ventricles of heart Arterioles *Receive blood from arteries *Cary blood to capillaries Capillaries *Sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells Venules *Receive blood from capillaries Veins *Carry blood toward ventricle of heart TERM 17
Capillaries
DEFINITION 17 Smallest diameter blood vessels Extensions of inner lining of arterioles Walls are endothelium only Semipermeable Sinusoids leaky capillaries TERM 18
Exchange in
Capillaries
DEFINITION 18 Water and other substances leave capillaries because of net outward pressure at the capillaries arteriolar ends Water enters capillaries venular ends because of a net inward pressure Substances move in and out along the length of the capillaries according to their respective concentration gradients TERM 19
Venule
DEFINITION 19 Thinner wall than arteriole Less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole TERM 20
Veins
DEFINITION 20 Thinner wall than artery Three layers to wall but middle layer is poorly developed Some have flaplike valves Carries blood under relatively low pressure Serves as blood reservoir Largest amount of blood volume stored is stored in the venous side of the body
Venous Blood Flow
Not a direct result of heart action Dependent on: Skeletal muscle contraction Breathing Venoconstriction TERM 22
Central Venous Pressure
DEFINITION 22 Pressure in the right atrium Factors that influence it alter flow of blood into the right atrium Affects pressure within the peripheral veins Weakly beating heart increases central venous pressure Increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back up into peripheral vein TERM 23
Lymphatic System
DEFINITION 23 Network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids Closely associated with the cardiovascular system Transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces Transports fluid to the bloodstream Transports fats to bloodstream Help defend the body against diseases TERM 24
Lymphatic
Capillaries
DEFINITION 24 Microscopic Closed-ended tubes In interstitial spaces of most tissues TERM 25
Lymphatic Vessels
DEFINITION 25 Walls are similar but thinner than those of veins Composed of three layers Endothelial lining (inner) Smooth muscle (middle) Connective tissue (outer) Larger vessels lead to lymph nodes and then to larger lymphatic trunks
Locations of Lymph Nodes
Cervical region Axillary region Supratrochlear region Inguinal region Pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Thoracic cavity TERM 32
Thymus
DEFINITION 32 Small in an adult Site of T lymphocyte production Secretes thymosins TERM 33
Spleen
DEFINITION 33 Largest lymphatic organ Located in upper left abdominal quadrant Sinuses filled with blood Contains two tissue types White pulp lymphocytes Red pulp Red blood cells Lymphocytes Macrophages TERM 34
Body Defenses Against Infection
DEFINITION 34 Pathogen *Disease causing agent *Bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms, spores of multicellular organisms Innate defenses *General defenses *Protects against many pathogens Adaptive defenses *Immunity *More specific *Carried out by lymphocytes TERM 35
T-Cells
DEFINITION 35 Secrete lymphokines Help activate T cells Cause T cell proliferation Activate cytotoxic T cells Stimulate leukocyte production Stimulate B cells to mature Activate macrophages Secrete toxins that kill cells Secrete growth-inhibiting factors Secrete interferon Cellular immune response
B-Cells
Differentiate into plasma cells *Produce antibodies Humoral immune response TERM 37
T Cells and Cellular Immune Response
DEFINITION 37 Requires antigen-presenting cell Requires MHC antigens Types of T cells Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells TERM 38
Antibody Actions
DEFINITION 38 Direct Attack *Type of effect Agglutination Antigens clump Precipitation Antigens become insoluble Neutralization Antigens lose toxic properties TERM 39
Antibody Actions
DEFINITION 39 Activation of Complement (presence of antibodies combined with antigens) Type of effect Opsonization Alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis Chemotaxis Attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the region Agglutination Clumping of antigen-bearing cells Lysis Allows rapid movement of water and ions into the foreign cell causing osmotic rupture of the foreign cell Neutralization Altering the molecular structure of viruses making them harmless TERM 40
Antibody Actions
DEFINITION 40 Type of effect Inflammation Helps prevent the spread of antigens
Type IV
Delayed-reaction allergy Results from repeated exposure to allergen Eruptions and inflammation of the skin Takes about 48 hours to occur TERM 47
Tissue Rejection Reaction
DEFINITION 47 Resembles cellular immune response against antigens Important to match MHC antigens Immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection
