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An in-depth exploration of the various factors regulating blood pressure (map) and blood pressure through the baroreceptor reflex. Additionally, it covers the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation, respiratory volumes, and the role of pressures and surfactants in gas exchange. Diagrams are included for better understanding.
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11 1.1. Pre PrePre-Pre--Lab-LabLab WriteupsLab WriteupsWriteups:Writeups:: Be sure to prepare: Be sure to prepareBe sure to prepareBe sure to prepare beforebeforebeforebefore eacheacheacheach MondayMonday ’s labs (for WHOLE week’s labs (for WHOLE week –– Mon. & Wed.!)!!Mon. & Wed.!)!!
5.5. …… **** Happy Spring Break!!…… **** Happy Spring Break!! ☺☺ **** ……**** ……
1.1. ** Describe in detail several factors regulating** Describe in detail several factors regulating Blood Pressure (MAP),Blood Pressure (MAP), citing specific examples ofciting specific examples of homeostatic responses to changing conditions.homeostatic responses to changing conditions. 2.2. Describe howDescribe how arteriolar resistance and metabolismarteriolar resistance and metabolism regulate distribution of blood flow to body organs.regulate distribution of blood flow to body organs. 3.3. ** Describe and diagram how** Describe and diagram how hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure andand colloidal osmotic pressurecolloidal osmotic pressure vary along avary along a capillary to regulate capillary filtration and absorption.capillary to regulate capillary filtration and absorption. 4 4 ** Describe how the4.4. ** Describe how the** Describe how the** Describe how the Baroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor Reflex regulates Blood Pressureregulates Blood Pressureregulates Blood Pressure.regulates Blood Pressure. 5.5. Describe the formation of stable and vulnerable plaques duringDescribe the formation of stable and vulnerable plaques during atherosclerosisatherosclerosis (CVD).(CVD).
1.1.Ch. 17:Ch. 17: Describe and diagram theDescribe and diagram the mechanics of inhalation andmechanics of inhalation and exhalation, including liquids and chambers, and musclesexhalation, including liquids and chambers, and muscles involved.involved. 2.2.Describe the different2.2.Describe the differentDescribe the differentDescribe the different respiratory volumesrespiratory volumesrespiratory volumesrespiratory volumes and how they are produced.and how they are produced.and how they are produced.and how they are produced. 3.3.Describe theDescribe the control mechanisms of respiration efficiencycontrol mechanisms of respiration efficiency , including, including nervous and chemical controls.nervous and chemical controls. 4.4.Define the Lung Volumes: Vt, IRV, ERV, Reserve Volume, VC, TLV.Define the Lung Volumes: Vt, IRV, ERV, Reserve Volume, VC, TLV.
http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htmhttp://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htmhttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/birdlungs/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/birdlungs/
http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicalhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/medical--animatioanimatio--channel.htmchannel.htm
B. Functions of the RespiratoryB. Functions of the Respiratory System: OverviewSystem: Overview
Figure 17Figure 17--1: Overview of external and cellular respiration1: Overview of external and cellular respiration
17.2) The Airways: Conduction17.2) The Airways: Conduction of Air from Outside to Alveoliof Air from Outside to Alveoli
Fig. 17Fig. 17--4: Branching of the airways4: Branching of the airways
A. Key Gas Laws ReviewedA. Key Gas Laws Reviewed
1.1. Gas is compressible & flowGas is compressible & flow ↓↓ withwith ↑↑ resistanceresistanceresistanceresistance
2.2. Air is a mix of gasses, each diffusesAir is a mix of gasses, each diffuses
independentlyindependently
Key Gas Laws ReviewedKey Gas Laws Reviewed
1.1. Partial pressure of that gas1.1. Partial pressure of that gasPartial pressure of that gasPartial pressure of that gas
2.2. TemperatureTemperature (INVERSELY proportional)(INVERSELY proportional)
3.3. SolubilitySolubilityyy in a particular solventin a particular solventpp
C. Pressure Changes duringC. Pressure Changes during Quiet BreathingQuiet Breathing FigureFigure 17 17--11 11
Figure 17Figure 17--12a12a
D. Ventilation:D. Ventilation: SurfactantsSurfactants
“grease” the mechanism“grease” the mechanism
pp pp pp
Figure 17Figure 17--13: Surfactant reduces surface tension13: Surfactant reduces surface tension
E. Compliance & ElastanceE. Compliance & Elastance
1.1. ComplianceCompliance:: ability to stretchability to stretch
2.2. ElastanceElastance:: returning to its resting volumereturning to its resting volume when stretching force is releasedwhen stretching force is released
F. Factors Affecting VentilationF. Factors Affecting Ventilation
a)a) SurfactantsSurfactants b)b) Surface tensionSurface tension
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
4.6 L!4.6 L!
5.8 L!5.8 L!
Fig. 17Fig. 17--7:7: TVTV, ERV, IRV,, ERV, IRV, TLCTLC, IC,, IC, VCVC, FRC, FRC
17.5) Efficiency of Breathing:17.5) Efficiency of Breathing:
Normal & High DemandNormal & High Demand
1.1. Total Pulmonary VentilationTotal Pulmonary Ventilation
2.2. Alveolar ventilationAlveolar ventilation (more accurate vent. eff.)(more accurate vent. eff.)
33 3.3. Little variation in [O Little variation in [OLittle variation in [O ] & [COLittle variation in [O 22 ] & [CO ]] & [CO] & [CO 22 ]]]
4.4. ExerciseExercise -- High DemandHigh Demand
Efficiency of Breathing: Normal & High DemandEfficiency of Breathing: Normal & High Demand
exhaleexhale
Figure 17Figure 17--14: Total pulmonary and alveolar ventilation14: Total pulmonary and alveolar ventilation
inhaleinhale
MVV = maximum voluntary ventilationMVV = maximum voluntary ventilation;; breathing quickly and deeply as possible.breathing quickly and deeply as possible. Alveolar ventilationAlveolar ventilation ÆÆ 120 120--170L/min!!170L/min!!
Efficiency of Breathing: Normal & High Demand
Figure 17-2 g: Anatomy Summary
A. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli:A. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli: Ciliated Resp EpitheliumCiliated Resp Epithelium
Figure 17Figure 17--8: Ciliated respiratory epithelium8: Ciliated respiratory epithelium
B. Matching Ventilation withB. Matching Ventilation with
Alveolar Blood Flow (Perfusion)Alveolar Blood Flow (Perfusion)
a)a) (lung apex = v)) (l(l(lung apex = v- -constrconstrtt ’’’’ n )n ))) b)b) saves energysaves energy
**** Local control matches** Local control matches** VentilationVentilation && PerfusionPerfusion
Figure 17Figure 17--16:16: Local control matches VENTILATION and PERFUSIONLocal control matches VENTILATION and PERFUSION
Ch. 17 SummaryCh. 17 Summary