Download Factors Regulating Blood Pressure and Respiration: A Detailed Analysis - Prof. Nathan C. S and more Lab Reports Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Human Physiology: Human Physiology BIOL 260BIOL 260:
2009 Apr. 1,Apr. 1, 2009 W,W, Spring 2009Spring 2009
www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol260www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol
11 1.1. Pre PrePre-Pre--Lab-LabLab WriteupsLab WriteupsWriteups:Writeups:: Be sure to prepare: Be sure to prepareBe sure to prepareBe sure to prepare beforebeforebeforebefore eacheacheacheach MondayMonday ’s labs (for WHOLE week’s labs (for WHOLE week –– Mon. & Wed.!)!!Mon. & Wed.!)!!
- • (What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab?)(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab?)
2.2. MONDAY’s Lab: Respiration,MONDAY’s Lab: Respiration, ExptsExpts. 14/15. 14/
3.3. LabLab notebooksnotebooks finished NEXT week:finished NEXT week: ExptsExpts. 1pp. 1--10….10….
4.4. M/C Answer Key forM/C Answer Key for MT2MT2 is updated will beis updated will be
posted Mon., 4/13.posted Mon., 4/13.
5.5. …… **** Happy Spring Break!!…… **** Happy Spring Break!! ☺☺ **** ……**** ……
REVIEWREVIEW
1.1. ** Describe in detail several factors regulating** Describe in detail several factors regulating Blood Pressure (MAP),Blood Pressure (MAP), citing specific examples ofciting specific examples of homeostatic responses to changing conditions.homeostatic responses to changing conditions. 2.2. Describe howDescribe how arteriolar resistance and metabolismarteriolar resistance and metabolism regulate distribution of blood flow to body organs.regulate distribution of blood flow to body organs. 3.3. ** Describe and diagram how** Describe and diagram how hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure andand colloidal osmotic pressurecolloidal osmotic pressure vary along avary along a capillary to regulate capillary filtration and absorption.capillary to regulate capillary filtration and absorption. 4 4 ** Describe how the4.4. ** Describe how the** Describe how the** Describe how the Baroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptor Reflex regulates Blood Pressureregulates Blood Pressureregulates Blood Pressure.regulates Blood Pressure. 5.5. Describe the formation of stable and vulnerable plaques duringDescribe the formation of stable and vulnerable plaques during atherosclerosisatherosclerosis (CVD).(CVD).
TODAY:TODAY: Students should be able to….Students should be able to….
1.1.Ch. 17:Ch. 17: Describe and diagram theDescribe and diagram the mechanics of inhalation andmechanics of inhalation and exhalation, including liquids and chambers, and musclesexhalation, including liquids and chambers, and muscles involved.involved. 2.2.Describe the different2.2.Describe the differentDescribe the differentDescribe the different respiratory volumesrespiratory volumesrespiratory volumesrespiratory volumes and how they are produced.and how they are produced.and how they are produced.and how they are produced. 3.3.Describe theDescribe the control mechanisms of respiration efficiencycontrol mechanisms of respiration efficiency , including, including nervous and chemical controls.nervous and chemical controls. 4.4.Define the Lung Volumes: Vt, IRV, ERV, Reserve Volume, VC, TLV.Define the Lung Volumes: Vt, IRV, ERV, Reserve Volume, VC, TLV.
- • CompareCompare Total Pulmonary VentilationTotal Pulmonary Ventilation withwith Alveolar ventilationAlveolar ventilation .. 5.5.** Outline the local controls that ensure** Outline the local controls that ensure matching of alveolar ventilationmatching of alveolar ventilation with capillary perfusionwith capillary perfusion ..
Chapter 17Chapter 17
Mechanics ofMechanics of
BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing
http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htmhttp://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm
About Ch. 17About Ch. 17
1.1. Structure and function of theStructure and function of the
respiratory pumpsrespiratory pumps
2.2. How gasses are exchanged with bloodHow gasses are exchanged with blood
3.3. The role of pressures and surfactants inThe role of pressures and surfactants in
rate of exchangerate of exchangegg
4.4. How respiration is regulatedHow respiration is regulated
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htmhttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/birdlungs/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/birdlungs/
http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicalhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/medical--animatioanimatio--channel.htmchannel.htm
B. Functions of the RespiratoryB. Functions of the Respiratory System: OverviewSystem: Overview
1.1. Exchange OExchange O 22
a)a) Air to bloodAir to blood
b)b) Blood to cellsBlood to cells
2.2. Exchange COExchange CO 22
a)a) Cells to bloodCells to blood
b)b) Blood to air)) Blood to air
3.3. Regulate blood pHRegulate blood pH
4.4. VocalizationsVocalizations ☺☺
5.5. Protect alveoliProtect alveoli
Figure 17Figure 17--1: Overview of external and cellular respiration1: Overview of external and cellular respiration
17.2) The Airways: Conduction17.2) The Airways: Conduction of Air from Outside to Alveoliof Air from Outside to Alveoli
1.1. Filter, warm & moisten airFilter, warm & moisten air
2.2. Nose, (mouth), trachea, bronchi & bronchiolesNose, (mouth), trachea, bronchi & bronchioles
3.3. Huge increase in cross sectional areaHuge increase in cross sectional area
Fig. 17Fig. 17--4: Branching of the airways4: Branching of the airways
A. Key Gas Laws ReviewedA. Key Gas Laws Reviewed
1.1. Gas is compressible & flowGas is compressible & flow ↓↓ withwith ↑↑ resistanceresistanceresistanceresistance
2.2. Air is a mix of gasses, each diffusesAir is a mix of gasses, each diffuses
independentlyindependently
Key Gas Laws ReviewedKey Gas Laws Reviewed
- • Solubility of a gas depends on:Solubility of a gas depends on:
1.1. Partial pressure of that gas1.1. Partial pressure of that gasPartial pressure of that gasPartial pressure of that gas
- • (example: O(example: O 22 =156 mmHg)=156 mmHg)
2.2. TemperatureTemperature (INVERSELY proportional)(INVERSELY proportional)
3.3. SolubilitySolubilityyy in a particular solventin a particular solventpp
a)a) Water: solvent for lifeWater: solvent for life
a)a) OO 22 into water: 0.1 m moles/L (poor)into water: 0.1 m moles/L (poor)
b)b) COCO 22 into water: 3.0 m mole/L (good)into water: 3.0 m mole/L (good)
C. Pressure Changes duringC. Pressure Changes during Quiet BreathingQuiet Breathing FigureFigure 17 17--11 11
Figure 17Figure 17--12a12a
D. Ventilation:D. Ventilation: SurfactantsSurfactants
“grease” the mechanism“grease” the mechanism
- • More concentrated in smallerMore concentrated in smaller alveolialveoli
- • Mixture containing proteins andMixture containing proteins and phospholipidsphospholipids
DPPCDPPC
pp pp pp
Figure 17Figure 17--13: Surfactant reduces surface tension13: Surfactant reduces surface tension
E. Compliance & ElastanceE. Compliance & Elastance
1.1. ComplianceCompliance:: ability to stretchability to stretch
a)a) High complianceHigh compliance
- • StStStretches easilyStretches easily t ht h ilil
b)b) Low complianceLow compliance
i.i. Requires more forceRequires more force
ii.ii. Restrictive lung diseasesRestrictive lung diseases
- – Fibrotic lung diseases andFibrotic lung diseases and
- – inadequate surfactant productioninadequate surfactant production
2.2. ElastanceElastance:: returning to its resting volumereturning to its resting volume when stretching force is releasedwhen stretching force is released
- • Low elasticityLow elasticity ÆÆ emphysema/COPDemphysema/COPD
F. Factors Affecting VentilationF. Factors Affecting Ventilation
1.1. Airway ResistanceAirway Resistance - - lengthlength
2.2. DiameterDiameter
3.3. Mucous blockageMucous blockage
4.4. BronchoconstrictionBronchoconstriction
- • Histamine / mast cells, leukotrienes;Histamine / mast cells, leukotrienes;
- • parasymp. (musc)parasymp. (musc)
5.5. BronchodilationBronchodilation
- • COCOCOCO 22 22 , EPI / beta, EPI / beta , EPI / beta, EPI / beta 2 adr--2 adr2 adr2 adr
6.6. AlveolarAlveolar compliancecompliance
a)a) SurfactantsSurfactants b)b) Surface tensionSurface tension
7.7. Alveolar elasticityAlveolar elasticity Figure 17Figure 17--2e: Anatomy Summary2e: Anatomy Summary
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
4.6 L!4.6 L!
5.8 L!5.8 L!
Fig. 17Fig. 17--7:7: TVTV, ERV, IRV,, ERV, IRV, TLCTLC, IC,, IC, VCVC, FRC, FRC
17.5) Efficiency of Breathing:17.5) Efficiency of Breathing:
Normal & High DemandNormal & High Demand
1.1. Total Pulmonary VentilationTotal Pulmonary Ventilation
- • (((=(= vent. rate X tidal vent. rate X tidal voltt tt X tid lX tid l vol; about 6 L/min)ll ; about 6 L/min)bb t 6 L/t 6 L/ i )i )
2.2. Alveolar ventilationAlveolar ventilation (more accurate vent. eff.)(more accurate vent. eff.)
- • (=(= VR x (VVR x (VTT – – dead air space)dead air space) = 4.5 L/min)= 4.5 L/min)
33 3.3. Little variation in [O Little variation in [OLittle variation in [O ] & [COLittle variation in [O 22 ] & [CO ]] & [CO] & [CO 22 ]]]
4.4. ExerciseExercise -- High DemandHigh Demand
a)a) ↑↑ Depth of breathingDepth of breathing
b)b) UseUse inspiratoryinspiratory reservereserve (IRV)(IRV)
Efficiency of Breathing: Normal & High DemandEfficiency of Breathing: Normal & High Demand
exhaleexhale
Figure 17Figure 17--14: Total pulmonary and alveolar ventilation14: Total pulmonary and alveolar ventilation
inhaleinhale
MVV = maximum voluntary ventilationMVV = maximum voluntary ventilation;; breathing quickly and deeply as possible.breathing quickly and deeply as possible. Alveolar ventilationAlveolar ventilation ÆÆ 120 120--170L/min!!170L/min!!
Efficiency of Breathing: Normal & High Demand
Figure 17-2 g: Anatomy Summary
A. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli:A. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli: Ciliated Resp EpitheliumCiliated Resp Epithelium
Figure 17Figure 17--8: Ciliated respiratory epithelium8: Ciliated respiratory epithelium
B. Matching Ventilation withB. Matching Ventilation with
Alveolar Blood Flow (Perfusion)Alveolar Blood Flow (Perfusion)
1.1. MostlyMostly local regulationlocal regulation :: Collapsible pulmonaryCollapsible pulmonary
capillaries!!capillaries!!capillaries!!capillaries!!
2.2. Low [OLow [O 22 ] in alveoli:] in alveoli: ↑↑ vasoconstriction ofvasoconstriction of
arteriolearteriole ÆÆ redirect blood to high O2 arearedirect blood to high O2 area
3.3. Reduced blood flow at restReduced blood flow at rest
a)a) (lung apex = v)) (l(l(lung apex = v- -constrconstrtt ’’’’ n )n ))) b)b) saves energysaves energy
4.4. High blood [COHigh blood [CO 22 ]:]: ↑↑ bronchiodilationbronchiodilation
- • Remove excess CO2!!Remove excess CO2!!
**** Local control matches** Local control matches** VentilationVentilation && PerfusionPerfusion
Figure 17Figure 17--16:16: Local control matches VENTILATION and PERFUSIONLocal control matches VENTILATION and PERFUSION
Ch. 17 SummaryCh. 17 Summary
1.1. Diaphragm & rib cageDiaphragm & rib cage areare pumpspumps for inspirationfor inspiration
2.2. Alveolar surfaceAlveolar surface exchanges Oexchanges O 22 & CO& CO 22 with bloodwith blood
3.3. The gases in air actThe gases in air act independentlyindependently & move down a& move down a
pressure gradientpressure gradient
4.4. AirwayAirway resistanceresistance can limit ventilation efficiencycan limit ventilation efficiency ––
bronchoconstrictionbronchoconstriction/dilation/dilation
5.5. TypicallyTypically ventilationventilation matches bloodmatches blood perfusionperfusion viavia
local regulators oflocal regulators of vasodilationvasodilation && bronchodilationbronchodilation
- • COCO 22 == ↑↑bronchioactivebronchioactive;; OO 22 == ↑↑vasoactivevasoactive!!!!
- • High OHigh O 22 vasodilatesvasodilates; Low O; Low O 22 vasoconstrictsvasoconstricts (( pulmonary BV!!pulmonary BV!! ))
- – NOTE: Opposite effects on Peripheral blood vessels!!!NOTE: Opposite effects on Peripheral blood vessels!!!
- • High COHigh CO 22 bronchiodilatesbronchiodilates; Low CO; Low CO 22 bronchioconstrictsbronchioconstricts
