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Lubricants and Lubrication - Lecture Notes | TSM 335, Study notes of Business Management and Analysis

Material Type: Notes; Class: TRACTOR POWER; Subject: TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT; University: Iowa State University; Term: Unknown 2007;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 09/02/2009

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Lubricants and Lubrication
Lubrication
Reduce Friction
Prevent loss of power
Prevent wear of moving parts
Cushioning agent between parts
Coolant
Transport heat from bearings
Cool pistons
Seal
Prevent blow-by of combustion gases past rings
Cleansing Agent
Detergent oils
Noise reduction
Prevent noise
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Lubricants and Lubrication

  • Lubrication
    • Reduce Friction
      • Prevent loss of power
      • Prevent wear of moving parts
    • Cushioning agent between parts
    • Coolant
      • Transport heat from bearings
      • Cool pistons
    • Seal
      • Prevent blow-by of combustion gases past rings
    • Cleansing Agent
      • Detergent oils
    • Noise reduction
      • Prevent noise

Lubrication System

3 Types of Lubrication

  • Mechanical Friction Significantly Reduced if film of oil between mating

surfaces

  • Boundary Layer Lubrication
    • Very thin film
      • One molecule thick
        • Piston at TDC, BDC
        • All parts at engine startup
  • Full-film or Hydrodynamic Lubrication
    • Oil film thick enough to prevent projections on two parts touching
      • Rings when moving rapidly
      • Bearings
  • Mixed-Film Lubrication
    • Intermediate
  • Motion tends to increase thickness of film
  • Normal Force decreases film thickness

Viscosity of Oils

  • Performance of lubricating Oils primarily determined by Viscosity
  • Hydrodynamic Lubrication
    • Tangential force is independent of normal force

Ft = AV/h Dynamic viscosity (mPa.s), A area (m^2 ) V velocity (m/s), h film thickness (mm)

In hydrodynamic lubrication the oil film and not the metal projections are sheared

  • Force increases with speed
  • Force increase with viscosity
  • Force increases with area
  • Force decreases with thickness

Saybolt Universal Viscometer (Saybolt Universal Seconds, SUS)

Old SAE Classifications

Viscosity Range SAE Viscosity At – 18 oC (0oF) At 99oC (210oF)

  • 5W mPa.s - 1,200 3. No. Units Min Max Min Max
    • mm2/s - 1,300 3.
    • SUS - 6,000 38.
  • 10W mPa.s 1,200 2,400 3.
    • mm2/s 1,300 2,600 4.
    • SUS 6,000 12,000 39.
  • 20W mPa.s 2,400 9,600 5.
    • mm2/s 2,600 10,500 5.
    • SUS 12,000 48,500 44.
  • 20 mm2/s - - 5.7 9.
    • SUS - - 45.0 58.
  • 30 mm2/s - - 9.6 12.
    • SUS - - 58.0 70.
  • 40 mm2/s - - 12.9 16.
    • SUS - - 70.0 85.
  • 50 mm2/s - - 16.8 22.
    • SUS - - 85.0 100.

New SAE Classifications

Maximum At Borderline Viscosity (mm^2 /s) SAE Viscosity Temp Pumping At 100 oC (21 2 oF) No. mPa.s oC (0oF) Temp Min Max Max 0W 3250 - 30(-22) - 35 (- 31 ) 3.8 ------ 5W 3500 - 25 (- 13 ) - 30(-22) 3.8 ------ 10W 3500 - 20 (- 4 ) - 25 (- 13 ) 4.1 ------ 15 W 3500 - 15 ( 5 ) - 20 (- 4 ) 5.6 ------ 20W 4500 - 10 ( 14 ) - 15 ( 5 ) 5.6 ------ 25 W 6000 - 5 ( 23 ) - 10 (14) 9.3 ------ 20 ------ ------ 5.6 <9. 30 ------ ------ 9.3 <12. 40 ------ ------ 12.5 <16. 50 ------ ------ 16.3 <21. 60 ------ ------ 21.9 < 26. 4

Kinematic Viscosity, Mm2/s, (Dynamic/density) Dynamic Viscosity, mPa/s

Service Classification for Oils

Designation API Engine Service Description ASTM Description

SA Utility Gasoline & Diesel No protection No performance requirements

No Additives, except may contain pour and/or foam depressants SB Minimum Duty Gasoline Mild Protection Antiscuff, resistant to oil oxidation & bearing corrosion

Some antioxidant and antiscuff capability

SC 1964 Gasoline Engine Warranty 1964 - 1967 Passenger Cars & Trucks Control high/low temp deposits, wear, rust, & corrosion

Primary use passenger cars (1964-67) Low-temp antisludge & antirust performance

SD 1968 Gasoline Engine Warranty

SE 1972 Gasoline Engine Warranty

SF 1980 Gasoline Engine Warranty Increased oxidation stability, improved anti-wear performance SG 1889 (includes CC grade characteristics)

Improved control of deposits, oxidation, engine wear and rust, corrosion

Designation API Engine Service Description ASTM Description

CA Light Duty Diesel Engines Protection for bearing corrosion and high temp deposits in NA engines, with high quality fuels.

Gasoline & NA diesel engine using low sulphur fuel.

CB Moderate Duty Diesel Engines Greater protection for wear and deposits, in NA engines with higher sulphur fuels.

Gasoline & NA diesel engine using high sulphur fuel.

CC Lightly supercharged, moderate Duty Diesel Engines, including trucks, construction & agric. equip. Protection from high temp deposits, rust and corrosion

Low-temp antisludge & antirust and light supercharged diesel engine performance

CD Severe Duty Diesel Engines, high speed & high output duty requiring control of wear and deposits. Protection from bearing corrosion, and high temp deposits in supercharged diesel for wide range fuels

Estabilished by Caterpillar in 1955

Service Classification for Oils

Circulating Splash System

Oil Pumps

Filtering Systems

  • Bypass Filtering System
    • 5-10% Oil by-passed to filter, rest goes directly to bearing
    • Permits filtering of particles up to 1 m
    • Not all oil filtered at one time
  • Full-Flow Filtering System
    • All of oil filtered before passing to bearings
    • Must be coarser to allow full flow
    • Particles several micron will pass through
      • Filters must include a bypass valve to protect engine
        • Dirty oil is preferable to no oil at all.
  • Surface Filters or Depth filters
  • Oil Coolers
    • Oil-to-Water

By-Pass Filtration System

Full Flow Filtration System

Filter Life