Download 2024 Louisiana Horticulture Exam Guide: Plant Parts, Nutrients, and Growth and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity!
Louisiana Horticulture Exam study guide 2024
4 major plant parts include - roots Stems Leaves Reproductive parts 4 functions of the root system include - absorption Anchorage Conduction Storage 2 kind of root systems found in plants are - fibrous root systems And Taproot systems Fibrous root system - root system that consists of numerous multi-branched roots that are slender; no one root is more prominent than the other. Tap root system (more difficult to transplant) - root system that consists of one main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots arise; Carrot or a woody root (oak, maple) What should you do if a plant becomes root bound within their containers? - Spread the roots out or prune them to encourage the root system to grow outward 3 primary functions of the stems are - Support Conduction Storage Conduction - the movement of water, mineral solutions, and substances manufactured in the plant. Xylem - water and mineral solution move upward from the roots to the leaves through inner tissues called Phloem - manufactured food from the leaves move out of the leaves through outer stem tissues called What 2 tissues form the vascular system of the plant? - Xylem and phloem Cambium layer - The tissue between the xylem and phloem is called the ____________. Plant function growth depends on uninterrupted conduction. Monocotyledonous Plants (single leaf monocots) - The xylem and phloem tissues are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system through the stem.
Corn, grass, lilies, orchids Dicotyledonous Plants (two seed leaves dicots) Gymnosperms Plants (many seed leaves) - the xylem is formed on the inside next to the heartwood surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium with the phloem on the outside. Tree, shrubs, annuals, and perennials Girdle - is a complete circle of dead tissue around the stem which interrupts the food supply pipeline. Nodes and internodes - Areas of the stems where leaves emerge are called ____________ and the space between are called __________. Axillary bud and axil - in the angle where each leaf joins the stem, there is a _________________ which is compressed, dormant stem. The angle is called the ______ of the leaf. Asexual reproductive structures - Some plants have modified stem and roots structures that store exceptionally large amounts of food and function as Corms, such as gladiolus - solid stem structures with remains of dried scale leaves surrounding and protecting them. Cycle of changes are controlled by temperature. Rhizome, such as Louisiana - the main axis or stem of the plant is in a horizontal position underground Stolons - Cylindrical horizontal stems found above ground similar to a rhizome Tuberous roots (sweet potato) - roots that do not have nodes and buds Crown - the area where the stem and root tissue meets Biennial Root - Roots that are living through two growing seasons Annual Top Root - Root living through one growing season October until December - Outdoor planting of spring bulbs can be done from Dicot Leaf - Leaf that generally has netted venation, one or more prominent veins with branches forming a conspicuous net Mono Leaf - Leaf that generally has parallel veins with inconspicuous branching between the veins as in corn
Cone - considered a specialized stem with leaves adapted for reproductive purposes. However, it does not have the typical flower parts. Fruit (botanical term) - the mature ovary and other flower parts associated with it Seed - is a miniature plant in an arrested state of development Sulfur (secondary element) - Found in plant structures in the form of amino acids; often functions as enzymes. Deficiencies: Areas between veins light green in young leaves; poor spindly growth. Magnesium (secondary element) - Found in chlorophyll, cell walls and structures inside the cell; cofactor in cell chemical activity Deficiencies: Light green leaves, leaf margins turn upward Calcium (secondary element) - found in the cell walls and membranes; important for cell division Deficiencies: Dying plant tips; stubby roots; celery blackheart; lettuce tip burn; internal browning in Brussels sprouts Potassium (primary element) - Aids in production of starch and sugar; improves disease, cold resistance Deficiencies: slow growth; scorched leaves; especially tip and margins; shriveled fruit. Phosphorus (primary element) - Found in compounds that form structures which carry out energy requiring functions. Stimulates early growth and production of fruit, flowers; improves vigor Deficiencies: Weak roots, spindly growth, delayed maturity; reddish overcast; lower flower and fruit production Nitrogen (primary element) - Essential ingredient in protein, chlorophyll, and most organic materials; increases vegetative growth. Deficiencies: yellowing beginning at the bottom of the plant; stunted growth Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) - the essential elements to plant growth Flowers Seed
Leaves Stems Roots - What is the priority order of plant parts to receive nutrients (food)? Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium - N-P-K stands for? Fertilizer analysis N-P-K/100lb = actual N-P-K required/X - Cross multiplied formula to calculate how much fertilizer is needed per area 43560 square feet - How many square ft. are in one acre? Mobility of nitrogen in the soil. - The reason for recommending more than one application during the growing season is largely because of the ________________________________________________. Light intensity, quality, and duration - Three characteristics of light that affect plan growth differently: Low light intensity - limits photosynthesis, slowing plant growth and inducing poor leaf coloration foot-candle - the amount of light falling on one square foot, one foot away from a standard candle. 100-200 fc - Most plants require more than how many fc for vigorous growth? Light Quality - affects photosynthesis and refers to the balance of wave lengths (or colors) the light contains Red light - promotes stem growth and flowering Less red and bluer light present - plants that stretch easily are best grown under what light conditions besides natural sunlight Light Duration - Certain plants are affected by the length of time light is absent in a 24 hour period. Photoperiodic - plants that react to specific periods of light Water - a.) Ingredient in photosynthesis b.) a solvent for nutrients and other materials used or manufactured by the plant c.) cools the plant during transpiration d.) gives plant tissue rigidity or turgor
Convert 100 F to C to K: C = 5/9 * (100−32) = 37. K = 37.8 + 273.15 = 310.95K - Formulas to convert from F to C or C to F temperature The crown and the roots - are the most vulnerable parts of the plant to cold damage 41 F = Minimum 77-95 F = Optimum 95-104 = Maximum - Temperatures suitable for growth for Temperate plants 50 F = Minimum 86-95 F = Optimum 113 F = Maximum - Temperatures suitable for growth for Tropical plants 65-75 F - Cool season plants
49 F = Warm- season plants 40-104 F = General Range 68-95 F = Optimum - Temperatures suitable for seed germination Conduction Convection Radiation - Three ways heat travels Conduction - heat is moved by ______________ when a warm object is put in contact with a cooler one; the warmth is moved from the warm object to the cool object Convection - heat moving away from an object Black Frost - Formed on a plant when the plant's temperature is lower than the temp at which moisture in the air will condense resulting in ice particles forming on the plant Hydroponics - A plant can survive supported by a string in a nutrient mist Water, air, eat, and essential nutrients for the plant - Soil stores what for the plant? Sand, silt, and clay - What are the three forms of soil texture? Loam soils - contain all three separate soil textures in proportions so that none of the three is dominant over the other two. Soil structure (Sandy, platy, crumbly, or blocky) - The way various particles of the soil are arranged determines the ________________. This affects water movement and the handling qualities of soils.
Organic or mineral soils - Soils are classified as ____________ or __________________ soils according to the percentage of organic matter present in the strata's top 12 inches. 30% - Organic soils are those which have more than _______ organic matter (20% of the soil is loamy sand or coarser) In peat - In _______ most of the original plant fibers can be recognized; whereas in ___________, they are decomposed beyond recognition Heavy and light soils - are based on the effort needed to move tillage equipment through the soil, not on the physical weight of the soil itself 5.5 to 7 pH range - most plants do best in a ________________ with some plants such as azaleas and camellias preferring soil slightly more acid ph., 5.0-5. 0 to 14; 7.0 = Neutral; below 7.0= acid; above 7.0 alkaline - Soil ph.: Range? Neutral? Acid? Alkaline? Acid soils more alkaline; alkaline soils more acid - The addition of lime will make ______soils more _______, as wood ashes. The addition of sulfur will make _________ soils more __________. Sexual propagation - refers to plant reproduction from seeds or spores Vegetative and reproductive - The life cycle of a seed-bearing plant is divided into two broad phases, _________________ and ____________________. Vegetative phase - consists of two stages, the germination of the seed and the vegetative growth Reproductive phase - begins with certain physiological changes 1- Flower or cone bud induction 2-flower bud initiation and development 3- Flowering 4- Fruit and seed production if fertilization occurs Metabolism - good storage conditions are necessary to slow down the seed's biological activity, called its _______________, but not stop activity. Water and temperature - are probably the two most critical requirements. Water - affects the oxygen supply around the seed; the more ___________ there is in the soil, the less oxygen there is. Medium - the temperature of the _________________, not the air, is what is important.
What is the drainage of the planting site? Has the soil been tested? Complete soluble fertilizers - _________________ ________________ fertilizers may be injected into the irrigation system weekly while slow - release fertilizers are applied to containers every three to six or even nine months Fall - Slow release materials are used in the ______ to supply nutrients at a low rate throughout the winter months. Watering/irrigation - _______________ of container plants is a critical task. Sight (looking at foliage) Weight (low moisture means lighter weight) Touch (feeling the medium's moisture) - Employee in charge of watering plants need to know how to judge if watering is necessary by three things: Overhead Irrigation system - The irrigation of nursery stock is usually done with an 18-24 degrees F - Container woody ornamentals can be injured when temperatures drop to __________________. Less Photosynthetic - Plants grown in shade generally require _______ fertilizer than those grown in sun because of a lower _______________________ rate. Light - Small plants generally require _________ and frequent feeding for optimum growth while large well-established plants can forage for a great deal of their required nutrients. Reduced - Fertilization for street trees growing in restricted environments must be greatly reduced compared to trees growing in open areas More Nutrient leaching - Plants grown in sandy soils generally require _________ frequent fertilization than those grown in clay soils because of __________________. Exceed Burning - Fertilization rates of trees in turf area should not ____________ the rate recommended for the turf grass because ___________ of the turf may result. Phosphorus - Studies have shown that __________________ tends to accumulate in soils and is needed in smaller amounts. Twice - The level of nitrogen required is ________ that of potassium.
Three Six to eight week - If a granular general-purpose fertilizer is used, ________ applications during the growing season are recommended at ___ two ____ weeks. March, May, and July - Ideal months to schedule fertilization applications Desired growth rate Type of plant Soil type Type of fertilizer Geographic location - The frequency of fertilizations depends on a number of factors: Light - Newly planted trees and shrubs should receive light applications of fertilizer during their first growing season. 3 to 6 lbs. of actual nitrogen - For optimum growth of established ornamental trees, apply ___ to ___ lbs. of actual ___________________ per 1000 sq. ft. Higher rate Lower rate - Ever green trees generally should be fertilized at the ____________ rater; deciduous trees should be fertilized at the ______________ rate. Square foots basis - To fertilize a group of plants within a bed, application rates are based on a ___________________ basis.
- Measure area of bed length x width = area
- Divide the first number in the fertilizer analysis by 10 - How to calculate the quantity of fertilizer to apply over each 100 sq. ft. of bed area.
- To eliminate dead, diseased, dying wounded limbs -to improve the form and balance of a plant -to guide the growth habit -to stimulate new growth -to rejuvenate older plantings -To maintain a geometric shape (formal hedge, topiary, etc.) - Pruning is done for many reasons: Axing - The terminal bud releases a hormone called ________ that directs the growth of the other buds along the stem. Hand pruners - generally make pencil size cuts easily Bypass and anvil - There are two basic designs for hand pruner’s _____________ or anvil type. Anvil type
seeds, and dies (beans, sweet corn, cucumber, melon, marigolds, zinnias, sweet alyssum) Anther - the upper part of a stamen that produces pollen Apical dominance - the suppression of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud of a stem Arboretum - an area devoted to the display of a variety of living trees and shrubs for study and comparison Asexual - without sex; refers to reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes Balled and bur lapped - plant prepared for transplanting by digging them so that the soil adjacent to the roots remains undisturbed; the ball of earth is then wrapped in burlap or similar mesh fabric Bare root - in the winter or early spring, many varieties of deciduous plants are sold with their roots bare. Dormant plants dug from the soil have their roots cleaned and trimmed, and are prevented from drying out until the time they should be planted Bedding plants - refers to small plants sold in flats or packs. They may be planted in beds, borders, or wherever desired. Can be annuals or perennials Biennial - A plant that produces a rosette of leaves the first year of its life, and sets flowers, fruit and seeds the second year and then dies. Ex. beet carrot, sweet William Binomial - a system of naming plants using two names. The first name is the genus and the second name is the species. Botanical or scientific name ex. Acer (genus) rub rum (species) Biodegradable - any material that can be readily decomposed in the soil by the action of each microorganisms as bacteria and fungi. Bolting - the production of a seed stalk by vegetative plants such as ornamental cabbage, spinach, lettuce, or radish. It is undesirable by vegetative crops and usually occurs when days are long and temperatures are warm. Broadcasting - scattering a material such as fertilizer or seed evenly over a soil surface Bud - an embryonic stem tip bearing young leaves (leaf bud), one or more flowers (flower bud) or both leaves and flowers (mixed bud) bulb - a bud, usually subterranean, consisting of a short, thick stem emitting roots from below and bearing overlapping, scale like leaves ex. lily, onion, or tulip
Caliper - in landscape and nursery usage, the diameter of a tree measured six inches above the ground line if up to a four inch caliper; larger caliper trees are measured twelve inches above the ground line. In forestry, the caliper is measured four and a half feet above ground line Capillary action - the attraction of soil particles to water molecules, causing an up or downward movement of the water into the soil. Becoming popular in container watering. Carbohydrates - any group of chemical compounds (including sugars, starches, and cellulose) containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only Catch crop - a fast growing vegetable crop planted between rows of slow growing crops for best use of space. Also used during the period between harvest of early crops as in succession planting or intercropping. Chelate - several of the micronutrients such as iron may be prevalent in the soil but unavailable to the plant. When a ____________ agent with the micronutrient is added, the nutrient element is made available to the plant. Chlorophyll - the green pigments in plants that absorb the energy of sunlight. Used in the manufacturing of sugars from carbon dioxide and water Choruses - lack of green in a leaf, caused by nutritional failure or disease. It is most frequently caused by lack of a plant's ability to take up iron. In severe cases, the entire leaf except the veins turn yellow. Often there is enough iron in the soil, but it's not available to the plant. Lowering the soil pH or using a chelate with iron will help correct most _______________ conditions. Clone - a group of organisms derived from a single individual by asexual production Clump - an aggregate of crowns or roots, able to be easily divided or moved Cluster - a bunching of flowers or leaves on a single stem. The term is sometimes given to any grouping of twigs, leaves, fruits, or flowers Cold accumulation - the process in which certain plants cease active growth and develop the capacity to survive freezing temperatures Cold frame - a box which is not artificially heated yet protects plants from the elements. It is usually covered with plastic, cheese cloth, or a glass sash. Common name - plant name used by the general public, as distinguished from the botanical or scientific name
Cultivar - a term meaning cultivated variety now used in place of the word variety. The ____________ designate a special group of plants. Ex. Detroit Dark Red beet. They are set apart in a single quotes. _________ may differ in growth habit, season of maturity, fruit color, fruit shape, etc. Cultivation - the loosening of a soil with either a hand or mechanical type implement chiefly for the purpose of controlling weeds. Culture - a specialized activity used in growing plants. Ex. pruning, cultivation, watering cutting ( or slip) - asexual propagation of plants; propagated by breaking or cutting off a portion of a branch or root and planting it in soil or water so it can grow roots and in time become a plant exactly like the parent. Cutting height - in mowing lawns, the measurement from grass clipped to soil line. Damping off - a fungus that causes seedlings to die immediately before or just after they break through the soil. Careful watering, good drainage and sterilizing seed bed soil help in preventing damping off. Day neutral - a term applied to plants which are not affected by the relative length of dark and light periods Deciduous - plants that shed all their leaves at the end of a growing season and remain leafless during the winter or dormant period. Deep rooted - plants with deeply growing roots as contrasted with roots growing on, or close, the soil surface. Determinate tomato (commonly classed as a bush tomato) - terminal bud sets fruit, stops stem growth. The plant is self-topping. Seldom needs staking. dethatching - removal of the thatch layer of turf by machine, garden rake, or dethatching rake to increase air flow and penetration of fertilizers and water Dew - condensed moisture from the atmosphere adhering in the form of small drops to any cool surface Dew point - a temperature point below which moisture in the atmosphere is condensed into small drops. Diameter breast height (DBH) - term used in measuring a tree caliper; the caliper is measured 4 ft. 6in above the ground line
Dibble or dibbler - a handled, pointed tool for making holes in the soil for planting seeds, bulbs, transplanting, etc. Dioeciously - plants having staminate (male) flowers on one plant and postulate (female) flowers on another plant. dividing - a method for increasing plants such as bulbs, perennials, and other plants that spread by developing roots and tops in clumps (ex dahlias, iris, day-lilies). Accomplished by digging up all or a portion of a plant, breaking apart the rooted sections, and replanting Dormancy - cyclic period when a plant rests; its growth processes is greatly slowed down. This occurs in many species by the coming of winter as days grow shorter and temperatures begin to drop. The period ends in spring when the plant is exposed to higher temps for an extended number of hours. ________________ is a plant's safe guard against extremes of temp, lack of water, etc. Drainage (air) - a term used to describe the circulation of air (oxygen) into the soil and the flow of respiration product (carbon dioxide) out the soil. Compacted soil around roots resists air flow, making it difficult for many plants to thrive. Also refers to movement of air from adjacent areas to affect temperature changes. Drip irrigation - a system of water at points on or just below the soil surface so that only the immediate areas around the roots are moistened. The irrigation should be made with a very low water pressure over a long period of time to supply plants with only the amount of moisture needed to replace the plant's moisture loss. Drop line - a line drawn around a tree directly under the outer moist ends of its branches. Term is used in connection with watering and fertilizing trees. Also the point at which rain drops off a roof. Dwarf - a normally large plant genetically cultivated for shorter and more compact growth. Espalier - a plant (tree or shrub) trained to grow flat against a surface such as a wall or trellis Ethylene - a growth regulator which has various effects on plants. Ex. promoting bromeliads to flowers, increasing uniformity of ripening some fruits, and damaging petals of cut flowers such as roses and carnations Ever blooming - plants that bloom intermittently during the entire growing season Evergreen - a plant which does not lose all its leaves at one time
Ground cover - refers to both plants and inert material, used to cover areas to prevent soil erosion or to discharge the intrusion of undesirable plants. Growing medium - specially formulated soil substitute prepared for growing plants Growing season - the period of time from the last plant killing frost in the spring to the first plant killing frost in the fall growth regulators - any synthetic or natural organic compound such as indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin, abscission, 2, 4-d, naphthalene acetic acid, etc. which in diluted amounts will promote, inhibit, or modify plant growth processes, also called axons, plant hormones, and phytohormones Guying - using cable, wire, rope, etc. to support a tree, usually following transplanting. Hardening - a process of slowing plant growth by withholding water, lowering the temperature, or gradually moving the plants from a sheltered environment. The process of ______________________ plants is used to increase chances for survival at transplanting time. Hardy plant - the ability to resist frost damage; a plant which can be planted before the last killing frost in the spring Hardiness zone - geographic areas representing the average low winter temperatures of the region; used in horticulture in respect to plant adaptability Heading back - pruning a branch back to bud or side branch to make the plant bushier Heavy soil - a soil usually difficult to work; clay soils are considered to be heavy soils Heeling in - a method for storing plants temporarily by burying or covering their roots with minerals such as pine back mulch Herbaceous plant - a plant described as having soft, nonfood stem. Generally. These plants live and grow for only one season Herbicide - chemical used to destroy undesirable vegetation Horticulture - art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants House plant - a plant that is tolerant of conditions in a house, where humidity and light levels are low and temperatures high Humidity - the water vapor content of the atmosphere Hybrid - an offspring resulting from crossing related plants with different characteristics
Indeterminate Tomato - the terminal bud does not set fruit. The vine can grow indefinitely if not killed by frost. Most of the cultivars trained on stakes or in wire cages are in this group. Inflorescence - a flower cluster; the characteristics arrangement of flowers on the stem Insect - any of the numerous small invertebrate animals having three body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), six legged, and usually winged Insecticide - a material toxic to insects; applied as a contact and or stomach poison Landscape contractor - a contractor specializing in work dealing with all phases of landscape installation Landscape design - a creative problem-solving process that organizes external space to attain an optimum balance of environmental and human needs Layering - a propagating technique in which the stem of a plant is surrounded with a rooting medium in order to force the development of roots along that portion of stem Leaf - a plant organ that manufactures food by chlorophyll Lime - ground limestone which is used to reduce the acidity of soils. Dolomitic lime has magnesium carbonate and will supply some magnesium for the growing plant Macronutrient - certain chemical elements required in considerable abundance for the growth and survival of plants. Example: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. Meristem - embryonic or undifferentiated tissue; these cells are capable of active division Micronutrient - certain elements essential to growth of plants, but required only in minute amounts. Ex. iron and copper Mildew - a white cottony coating which later turns black. Caused by various fungi, especially during periods of warm days and cool nights Monoecism - a plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same part Morphactins - synthetic growth regulators used to slow the growth rate of turf grass and to pinch plants chemically to stimulate lateral shoots Mulch - any material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, maintain a more even soil temperature and/or aid in weed control. Ex. leaves, straw, newspaper, pine bark mulch.
