Indonesia's Straight Baselines: An Overview of the Archipelago Theory and Its Implications, Lecture notes of International Law

Download Indonesia's Straight Baselines: An Overview of the Archipelago Theory and Its Implications and more Lecture notes International Law in PDF only on Docsity!

5. that it is therefore deemed necessary to enact an Act concerning the

Indonesian waters in accordance with the above considerations,

Having regard to:

Article 5 paragraph I of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia

Having heard:

The deliberations of the Cabinet of Ministers of 20 January 1960,

Decides to enact:

Act Concerning Indonesian Waters:

Article 1

(1) The Indonesian waters consist of the territorial sea and the internal waters of Indonesia.

(2) The Indonesian territorial sea is a maritime belt of a width of 12 nautical miles, the outer

limit of which is measured perpendicular to the baselines or points on the baselines which

consist of straight lines connecting the outermost points on the low water mark of the

outermost islands or part of such islands comprising Indonesian territory with the provision

that in case straits of a width of not more than 24 nautical miles and Indonesia is not the

only coastal state the outer limit of the Indonesian territorial sea shall be drawn at the

middle of the strait.

(3) The Indonesian internal waters are all waters lying within the baselines mentioned in

paragraph (2).

(4) One nautical mile is one sixtieth of a meridian.

Article 2

On the map annexed to this Act is indicated the position of the points and baselines

mentioned in article 1 paragraph (2).

Article 3

(1) Innocent passage through the internal waters of Indonesia is open to foreign vessels.

(2) The innocent passage is mentioned in paragraph 1 shall be regulated by Government

Ordinance.

Article 4

(1) This Act comes into force on the date of its promulgation.

(2) Article 1 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph 1 to 4 of the Territorial Sea and Maritime Circles'

Ordinance of 1939 is no longer valid as from the date mentioned in paragraph 1.

In order that the Act be known to everybody whomsoever it is instructed that this Act be

promulgated by publication in the Government Gazette.

Done at Djakarta on 18 February, 1960

Promulgated at Djakarta on 18 February, 1960 President of the Republic of Indonesia

Minister of Justice sd. (SOEKARNO)

sd (SAHARDJO)

Published in Government Gazette No. 22, 18 February 1960.

LOCATION OF POINTS OF BASELINES OF THE INDONESIAN WATERS

Note

U = Utara = North

S = Selatan = South

T = Timur = East

B = Barat = West

REFERENCE CO-ORDINATES OF POINTS LOCATION

NUMBER LATITUDE LONGITUDE

1A.

01° - 13.8 U

01 - 02.9 U

104° - 35.6 T

104 - 40.7 T

Tg. Berakit. Sentut.

- 56.0 U

- 24.4 U

- 18.0 S

104 - 55.8 T

104 - 33.7 T

105 - 01.0 T

Merapas. Kuju. Meranti.

00 - 45.7 S

01° - 08.5 S

00 - 54.5 S

01 - 36.0 S

02 - 16.4 S

104 - 56.2 T

105° - 16.9 T

105 - 45.4 T

106 - 03.0 T

106 - 26.7 T

Saja. P. Pekatjang. Toty. Punggul.

02 - 24.1 S

02 - 31.8 S

02 - 31.4 S

02 - 38.5 S

01 - 42.0 S

107 - 04.8 T

107 - 37.0 T

107 - 49.1 T

108 - 12.2 T

108 - 41.1 T

Gaspar. Langkuas. Tg. Siantu. Busung Serlang. Serutu.

15. 01 - 16.9 S 108 - 52.4 T Leman.
16. 00 - 07.2 U 108 - 36.1 T Datu.

00 - 14.7 U

00 - 05.9 U

108 - 01.5 T

107 - 14.0 T

Pengiki. Pendjantan.

REFERENCE

NUMBER

CO-ORDINATES OF POINTS LOCATION

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

67. 00 - 36.0 U 131 - 11.9 T Aju eiln.
68. 00 - 11.0 S 131 - 18.8 T H. Lamarche.
69. 00 - 43.5 S 131 - 32.5 T Dore Hoem Bi.
70. 00 - 20.2 S 132 - 10.5 T Mios Soe.
71. 00 - 21.8 S 132 - 43.0 T Valsche Kaap.
72. 00 - 56.8 U 134 - 17.2 T Mapia Eil.
73. 00 - 11.6 S 134 - 59.1 T Ajawi.
74. 00 - 23.5 S 135 - 16.1 T Bepondi.
75. 00 - 41.4 S 135 - 23.5 T Tg. Imbieri.
76. 00 - 42.1 S 135 - 48.5 T Tg. Praisbari.
77. 01 - 04.9 S 136 - 23.3 T Tg. Warari.
78. 01 - 27.8 S 137 - 55.0 T Hoek d. Uriville.
79. 01 - 35.5 S 138 - 43.0 T Limi.
80. 02 - 18.5 S 140 - 07.0 T Tg. Kamdara. 80A. 02 - 26.2 S 140 - 36.9 T -
81. 02 - 36.2 S 141 - 00.0 T Oinake.
82. 09 - 12.7 S 141 - 01.7 T -
83. 09 - 00.4 S 140 - 49.9 T Wanme.
84. 08 - 09.9 S 139 - 52.8 T Biak R.
85. 08 - 12.8 S 139 - 20.0 T Weleb.
86. 08 - 22.9 S 138 - 54.6 T Kaap Kaol.
87. 08 - 25.1 S 138 - 47.7 T Mom Boem.
88. 08 - 27.0 S 137 - 35.1 T Kaap Valsch.
89. 06 - 55.1 S 138 - 32.5 T De Jong's punt.
90. 06 - 22.0 S 138 - 24.5 T Cook R.
91. 05 - 43.1 S 138 - 05.0 T -
92. 05 - 22.5 S 137 - 43.0 T Laag E.
93. 04 - 55.0 S 04 - 55.0 S Kp. Steenboom.
94. 04 - 38.8 S 136 - 07.0 T Amarapaja.
95. 04 - 27.7 S 135 - 12.8 T Tg. Namaripi.
96. 05 - 19.3 S 134 - 35.0 T Warilade.
97. 05 - 22.4 S 134 - 44.1 T Djedah Eil.
98. 06° - 04.5 S 134° - 52.0 T Kawaera eil.
99. 06 - 19.7 S 134 - 52.2 T Penambulai.
100. 06 - 52.5 S 134 - 43.4 T Kultu Bai. 101A. 07 - 01.8 S 134 - 40.1 T Karang.
101. 07 - 07.0 S 134 - 28.9 T Enu.
102. 06 - 57.2 S 134 - 10.6 T Tg. Ngabordamlu.
103. 06 - 00.5 S 132 - 50.2 T Tg. Weduar.
104. 07 - 15.0 S 131 - 59.0 T Larat.
105. 08 - 03.8 S 131 - 17.5 T Asutubun.
106. 08 - 08.0 S 131 - 10.5 T Adaut.
107. 08 - 21.6 S 130 - 48.5 T Bat Arkdusu.
108. 08 - 13.7 S 129 - 50.1 T Masela.
109. 08 - 22.0 S 128 - 31.0 T Meaty Miarang.
110. 08 - 14.9 S 127 - 38.0 T Luhulele.
111. 08 - 06.4 S 127 - 09.5 T Jen Tu.
112. 07 - 58.7 S 126 - 28.2 T Eden.
113. 08 - 01.1 S 125 - 48.6 T Pibia.
114. 08 - 59.0 S 124 - 24.0 T -
115. 09 - 08.0 S 124 - 00.0 T -

REFERENCE

NUMBER

CO-ORDINATES OF POINTS LOCATION

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

116. 09 - 28.0 S 125 - 05.1 T Mota Massin.
117. 09 - 38.3 S 124 - 58.7 T Tg. We Toh.
118. 10 - 09.1 S 125 - 00.0 T -
119. 10 - 16.5 S 124 - 01.0 T -
120. 10 - 49.6 S 123 - 13.4 T Puleh.
121. 11 - 00.9 S 122 - 52.5 T Dana.
122. 10 - 37.5 S 121 - 50.8 T Tg. Merabu.
123. 10 - 50.0 S 121 - 17.0 T Dana.
124. 10 - 19.0 S 120 - 27.2 T Tg. Ngudju.
125. 10 - 20.6 S 120 - 06.8 T Atangudu.
126. 09 - 48.0 S 119 - 23.6 T Tg. Rua.
127. 09 - 45.5 S 119 - 11.6 T Tg. Mambo.
128. 09 - 40.5 S 119 - 02.0 T -
129. 08 - 53.6 S 118 - 29.9 T Toro Doro.
130. 09 - 06.8 S 117 - 02.0 T Tg. Talonan. 131 08 - 54.9 S 116 - 00.0 T Tg. Pangga.
131. 08 - 50.0 S 115 - 50.3 T Tg. Bt. Gendang.
132. 08 - 49.4 S 115 - 35.9 T Nusa.
133. 08 - 51.0 S 115 - 08.1 T Tafelhock.
134. 08 - 46.4 S 114 - 30.9 T Tg. Bantenas.
135. 08 - 44.5 S 114 - 20.8 T Tg. Purwa.
136. 08 - 44.5 S 114 - 20.8 T Mustaka.
137. 08 - 30.0 S 113 - 18.5 T Barung.
138. 08 - 24.0 S 111 - 42.2 T Skel.
139. 08 - 12.1 S 110 - 42.2 T -
140. 08 - 08.5 S 110 - 33.0 T -
141. 07 - 47.0 S 109 - 25.2 T Bt. Tugur.
142. 07 - 47.5 S 109 - 02.1 T Kambangan.
143. 07 - 49.0 S 108 - 26.1 T -
144. 07 - 44.9 S 107 - 50.0 T Tg. Gedeh.
145. 07 - 23.2 S 106 - 24.5 T Genteng.
146. 07 - 01.2 S 105 - 31.6 T Deli.
147. 06 - 50.5 S 105 - 14.5 T Tg. Goha Kolah.
148. 06 - 37.8 S 105 - 06.0 T Ganaila.
149. 05 - 57.0 S 104 - 35.8 T Balimbing.
150. 05 - 39.1 S 104 - 18.1 T -
151. 05 - 14.5 S 103 - 54.5 T Og. Walor.
152. 04 - 49.0 S 103 - 20.1 T Tg. Bandar.
153. 05 - 33.1 S 102 - 19.0 T -
154. 05 - 22.1 S 102 - 05.3 T Tg. Kooma.
155. 04 - 02.0 S 101 - 02.1 T Mega.
156. 03 - 21.3 S 100 - 27.8 T -
157. 03 - 18.0 S 100 - 19.9 T Baru – Baru.
158. 02 - 50.0 S 99 - 59.6 T Tg. Ratai.
159. 02 - 18.0 S 99 - 36.2 T Tg. Simailupa.
160. 01 - 41.0 S 98 - 52.8 T Siberut.
161. 01 - 12.4 S 98 - 35.0 T Siberut.
162. 00 - 31.8 S 98 - 17.0 T Tg. Hatik.
163. 00 - 05.5 S 97 - 51.0 T Semuk.
164. 00 - 35.2 U 97 - 40.2 T Laguadi.
165. 00 - 49.8 U 97 - 20.0 T Bawa.

81, have a total length of 2,260.5 nautical miles. The average extent of a segment is 46.

nautical miles. The maximum and minimum lengths are approximately 124.0 (No. 59 - 60)

and 4.0 (No. 36 - 36a), respectively. Point No. 56 is on the Indonesian island of Miangas

(Palmas) which is within the claimed territorial sea of the Philippines (See IBS Series A,

No. 33). The point is 52 miles off Mindanao and 215 nautical miles from Halmahera.

c) Extending from the southern terminus of the Indonesia - Papua land boundary to a point

near Portuguese Timor, the third sector encloses the eastern entrances to the Banda Sea.

The thirty-two segments, from No. 82 to 113, measure approximately 1,436.5 nautical

miles. The average length of a segment is 44.8 nautical miles while the longest (No. 88

89) and shortest (105 - 106) are approximately 103.9 and 8.0 nautical miles, respectively.

d) The fourth sector is a single straight line segment lying approximately 12 nautical miles

offshore from the Portuguese Timor exclave of Ocussi. While represented on the attached

map by lines joining the points to the seaward termini of the Indonesia - Portuguese Timor

land boundary, it is not apparent that this is the intent of the law. Rather it appears that the

two artificial points are chosen to limit Portuguese Timor to a narrow territorial sea belt.

Lateral boundaries, presumably, will be negotiated later. The single segment measures

25.8 nautical miles.

e) Extending from the southern terminus of the Portuguese - Indonesian boundary on Timor

to Point No. 1, the final sector of the Indonesian straight baseline system closes the

southern entrances to the Savu, Flores and Java Seas. The seventy-nine segments extend

3,111.6 nautical miles with an average length of 39.3 nautical miles. The longest (No. 186

187) and shortest (190 - 191) segments measure 100.8 and 2.6 nautical miles,

respectively.

Two small islands lie seaward of segments 104 - 105 and 139 - 140 and it may be that the

intent of the law is to enclose them within the system. Problems involving positioning

undoubtedly cause the apparent exclusion.

The entire Indonesian straight baseline system extends for 8,167.6 nautical miles. The

system encloses approximately 666,000 square nautical miles of internal waters including

the previously mentioned seas and the important straits of Sunda, Sumba, Lombok,

Ombai, Molucca and Macassar as well as numerous internal passages within the

Indonesian archipelago. The system contains 196 individual segments with an average

length of 41.67 nautical miles. Appendix I gives the approximate lengths of each segment.

Since the Indonesian territorial sea claim extends seaward for 12 nautical miles from the

straight baselines, an additional 98,000 square nautical miles of water would theoretically

fall under Indonesian sovereignty.

The United States Government has not recognized the so-called "archipelago principle" as

an accepted principle of international law.

Indonesia is not a party to the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the

Contiguous Zone.

• 1 – 1a 12.0 41 - 42 55.
• 1a – 2 16.4 42 - 43 35.
• 2 - 3 39.0 43 - 44 40.
• 3 - 4 50.0 44 - 44a 6.
• 4 - 5 28.0 44a – 45 34.
• 5 - 6 29.8 45 - 46 63.
• 6 - 7 32.0 46 - 47 49.
• 7 - 8 45.5 47 - 48 66.
• 8 - 9 46.0 48 - 49 42.
• 9 - 10 40.0 49 - 50 50.
• 10 - 11 30.2 50 - 51 25.
• 11 - 12 12.5 51 - 52 60.
• 12 - 13 32.0 52 - 53 31.
• 13 - 14 58.0 53 - 54 30.
• 14 - 15 28.5 54 - 55 4.
• 15 - 16 83.5 55 - 56 84.
• 16 - 17 38.0 56 - 57 61.
• 17 - 18 48.0 57 - 58 8.
• 18 - 19 32.0 58 - 59 65.
• 19 - 20 26.0 59 - 60 124.
• 20 - 21 40.0 60 - 61 12.
• 21 - 22 69.8 61 - 62 56.
• 22 - 23 30.0 62 - 63 56.
• 23 - 24 23.5 63 - 64 49.
• 24 - 25 26.0 64 - 65 54.
• 25 - 26 20.0 65 - 66 46.
• 26 - 27 80.0 66 - 67 30.
• 27 - 28 39.0 67 - 68 46.
• 28 - 29 39.5 68 - 69 34.
• 29 - 30 25.0 69 - 70 44.
• 30 - 31 54.0 70 - 71 34.
• 31 - 32 62.0 71 - 72 124.
• 32 - 33 32.0 72 - 73 82.
• 33 - 34 33.0 73 - 74 20.
• 34 – 35 32.0 74 - 75 15. - 75 - 76 58. - Total 1,333.2 76 - 77 38. - 77 - 78 98.
• Sector II Nautical miles 78 - 79 49. - 79 - 80 92.
• 36 - 36a 4.0 80 - 80a 32.
• 36a – 36b 4.1 80a – 81 26.
• 36 - 37 36.
• 37 - 38 68.5 Total 2,260.
• 38 - 39 22.
• 39 - 40 44.
• 40 - 41 46.
  • 82 - 83 9.9 116 - 117 15. Sector III Nautical miles Sector V Nautical miles
  • 83 - 84 79.2 117 - 118 42.
  • 84 - 85 31.9 118 - 119 30.
  • 85 - 86 28.0 119 - 120 40.
  • 86 - 87 7.9 120 - 121 24.
  • 87 - 88 67.0 121 - 122 65.
  • 88 - 89 103.9 122 - 123 35.
  • 89 - 90 33.9 123 - 124 60.
  • 90 - 91 44.5 124 - 125 18.
  • 91 - 92 29.5 125 - 126 54.
  • 92 - 93 58.8 126 - 127 13.
  • 93 - 94 44.0 127 - 128 10.
  • 94 - 95 57.5 128 - 129 57.
  • 95 - 96 65.2 129 - 130 88.
  • 96 - 97 10.2 130 - 131 65.
  • 97 - 98 39.0 131 - 132 11.
  • 98 - 99 27.8 132 - 133 14.
  • 99 - 100 34.6 133 - 134 27.
• 100 - 100a 10.0 134 - 135 35.
• 100a – 101 11.9 135 - 136 10.
• 101 - 102 21.9 136 - 137 20.
• 102 - 103 97.8 137 - 138 45.
• 103 - 104 90.0 138 - 139 98.
• 104 - 105 64.5 139 - 140 59.
• 105 - 106 8.0 140 - 141 11.
• 106 - 107 26.0 141 - 142 72.
• 107 - 108 60.2 142 - 143 22.
• 108 - 109 79.2 143 - 144 36.
• 109 - 110 51.9 144 - 145 36.
• 110 - 111 30.2 145 - 146 89.
• 111 - 112 72.0 146 - 147 58.
• 112 - 113 39.6 147 - 148 18. - 148 - 149 16. - Total 1,436.5 149 - 150 53. - 150 - 151 25.
• Sector IV 151 - 152 33. - 152 - 153 43.
• 114 - 115 25.8 153 - 154 76. - 154 - 155 21. - Total 25.8 155 - 156 101. - 156 - 157 53. - 157 - 158 8. - 158 - 159 33. - 159 - 160 42. - 160 - 161 58. - 161 - 162 31. - 162 - 163 46. - 163 - 164 38.
• 164 - 165 40. Sector V Nautical miles
• 165 - 166 25.
• 166 - 167 33.
• 167 - 168 6.
• 168 - 169 48.
• 169 - 170 61.
• 170 - 171 30.
• 171 - 172 82.
• 172 - 173 44.
• 173 - 174 18.
• 174 - 175 26.
• 175 - 176 32.
• 176 - 177 22.
• 177 - 178 17.
• 178 - 179 39.
• 179 - 180 60.
• 180 - 181 39.
• 181 - 182 34.
• 182 - 183 36.
• 183 - 184 83.
• 184 - 185 84.
• 185 - 186 79.
• 186 - 187 100.
• 187 - 188 21.
• 188 - 189 3.
• 189 - 190 16.
• 190 - 191 2.
• 191 - 192 10.
• 192 - 193 13.
• 193 - 194 17.
• 194 - 195 12.
  • Total 3,111.