Download Innateness, Empiricism, Rationalism, and Cognitive Science in Ling 1010 Uconn Exam 1 and more Exams Speech-Language Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!
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Ling 1010 Uconn exam 1 with 94
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Innateness Hypothesis for language - ANSWER follows with Plato's belief that humans have innate knowledge at birth and gain further knowledge not from environment, but from awakened intuition
Plato's Problem - ANSWER "How do people come to know so much on the basis of so little experience"
- All ideas are 'innate' (they come from our nature)
Chomsky's idea about how children acquire language - ANSWER • Claimed that there is a considerable innate aspect to our linguistic knowledge
- Children are born with a 'workbook' with sections that spell out what occurs in all languages and sections where the text specifies possibilities
- Theory of Universal Grammar
oChildren instinctively know how to combine a noun (e.g. a boy) and a verb (to eat) into a meaningful, correct phrase (A boy eats).
- Language Acquisition Device is the innate biological ability of humans to acquire and develop language
Why Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis is controversial - ANSWER • The idea that humans are born with 'instincts'
- Clashes with the idea that the human mind is fundamentally different from the minds of other animals
- Clashes with the notion of 'free will'
- Clashes with the idea of the 'American Dream'
- Can potential lead to idea that people are not all equal, which can lead to discrimination and racism
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Empiricism - ANSWER the mind at birth does not come with pre-wired knowledge and is thus a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa), on which experience will 'write' learned knowledge
Famous Empiricists - ANSWER Aristotle, Hume, Locke, Berkeley, Sampson
AHLBS (Way to remember Empiricsits)
Aristotle Hume Locke Berkley Sampson - ANSWER All Homies Love Big Swizzle
Rationalism - ANSWER theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response, idea that major aspects of our knowledge system are present without the need for sensory input from the (prenatal and postnatal) environment.
- Agree on the fact that the experiences that people have after their birth (or even after conception) are not rich enough to explain that people come to know so many things
Famous Rationalists - ANSWER Plato, Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza, Kant, James, Chomsky, Pinker
Empirical Science - ANSWER • View point that knowledge derives from the senses
- 'Real science' should be based on observable data
- Scientific method must be used
Mind-Body Dualism - ANSWER o World contains two essentially different kinds of 'substances': the material world (matter, stuff that we can touch, measure, and weigh) and conscious experience (the mind, which we cannot access with our sensory organs).
- Body and mind are two different things
Body - ANSWER res extensa
Mind - ANSWER res cogitans
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Functional Level - ANSWER state and analyze the problem that we wish to focus on, we make a problem analysis
Implementation level - ANSWER A specification of the algorithms in the form of a computer program or: •A neurological model of how the actual brain processes
Algorithmic level - ANSWER An actual specification of the units/structures that make up the input and output and of the rule system ('the program') that maps the input onto the output
Module - ANSWER • is a component of the mind that is specialized for a certain function such as language or vision
The idea that the mind consists of cognitive functions (rather than being a single multipurpose program)
Phrenology - ANSWER • The idea that the brain has specialized areas that are the same for all people
- The mind consists of several separable mental functions or capacities.
- These functions are located in specific regions of the brain in all people.
- The brain regions could be 'felt' on the outside of the skull, and in particular, the sizes of bumps on the skull would indicate the relative development of mental functions in different people.
Fodor's criteria for modules - ANSWER • A module has a specific task for which it is specialized
- The operations of the module are reflexive. You have no control over them
- The information in, and the operation of a module do not interfere with things happening in other modules or in your conscious thought.
- You cannot reflect on what is going on in a module
- Modules are extremely fast
- Modules are innate
- People can have defects in one module, leaving the other modules intact or they can have general defects in all modules
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- We expect modules to correspond to fixed regions in the brain
- A module has evolved in the species because it gives the species an adaptive advantage
Structural Analogy - ANSWER • proposes that the organization of different modules is expected to be analogous (parallel)
- Different modules of the mind are structured in the same way
- It is to be expected that a highly complex organism like the human brain (and mind) must display multiple use of the same 'tricks'
Standard Social Science Model - ANSWER • This is essentially the 'blank slate' view which has dominated the social sciences for long)
- The same mechanisms are thought to govern how one acquires a language, how one learns to recognize emotional expressions, how one thinks about incest, or how one acquires ideas and attitudes about friends and reciprocity
o Because the mechanisms that govern reasoning, learning, and memory are assumed to operate uniformly
Sociobiology - ANSWER social behavior of other animal species, including humans, is also rooted in social instincts, suggested that human behavior is seriously based on genetic inheritance
- people know how to behave socially, not because they learn it, but because they follow their instincts
Evolutionary Psychology - ANSWER renamed from sociobiology, idea that the mind (just like the body) has developed in the course of evolution, specifically when (early) humans were facing the challenges of life as hunters and gatherers
Heritability - ANSWER the extent to which variation in a trait can be attributed to genes
Monozygotic Twins - ANSWER identical twins (1 egg split)
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Phonology, Syntax, Semantics - ANSWER Three dimensions of a word?
Morpheme - ANSWER minimal package of form, meaning and category
- Minimal' because it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts
Free Morpheme - ANSWER morphemes that can occur on their own as a word (cat, dog, table, father, crocodile)
Bound Morpheme - ANSWER "Word pieces" (re-, un-, -able, -hood)
Also called AFFIX (prefix, suffix)
Morphology - ANSWER The grammatical module that is responsible for building complex words; Builds words from morphemes
Syntax (Proper) - ANSWER Builds sentences from words
Answer: if we distinguish words from sentences, then for each of those two units we have three modules (phonology, semantics and 'syntax') - ANSWER Why do we say that there are 6 grammatical modules (plus the lexicon)?
Complex words - ANSWER consist of more than one meaningful part: read-able, un-fair, un-read-able- ity, arm chair factory, etc,
- Each minimal meaningful part is called a morpheme
Simplex Words - ANSWER words with one meaningful part
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Phonetics - ANSWER studies how sounds are produced, their acoustic properties and how they are perceived
Phonology - ANSWER studies how sounds function in the language, i.e. how specific sound properties are used to distinguish morphemes from each other
Allophone - ANSWER A "speech variety" of a phoneme
Epistemology - ANSWER A branch of philosophy concerned with the notion knowledge
The law of contiguity - ANSWER Things/events that occur together in time or space are linked in the mind.
The law of similarity - ANSWER Things/events that are similar tend to be linked.
The law of contrast - ANSWER Things/events that are opposites tend to be linked
The law of frequency - ANSWER The linkage will be strong if things/events occur together very often.
Trialism (John Cottingham) - ANSWER keeps the two substances of mind and body, but introduces a third attribute, sensation, belonging to the union of mind and bod
Enactivism - ANSWER emphasizes the interactions between mind, body and the environment, seeing them all as inseparably intertwined in mental processes
Functionalism (Jerry Fodor) - ANSWER We need to focus on the function of the various parts of the mind and worry less about studying the actual brain
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Allomorphy - ANSWER •The phenomenon that a morpheme has several manifestations as a result of phonological repair rules; Rule that changes /in/ to /im/ in front of /possible/
Inflection - ANSWER must be attached because the syntactic context of a word requires their presence, don't make new words, make words suitable for the context they're in
EX: The Boy Play(s)
Transformation - ANSWER Move phrases out of a position where "they are not
allowed (to stay)"
Buikhuisen - ANSWER He studied criminology and said that genes could influence criminology.
Cesare Lomroso - ANSWER A person's mind can be judged by their physicality
Francis Galton - ANSWER Developed Eugenics
Onomatopoeic - ANSWER if the word is partially motivated by meaning
Well Formedness - ANSWER a word or sentence that is grammatical
Phonology, Morphemes, Morphology, Syntax - ANSWER What is needed to make a language
International Phonetic alphabet - ANSWER set of symbols that linguists have agreed upon, special notation system for phonemes and allophones
Phonotactics - ANSWER a system of statements, constraints, that specifies the set of phonemes and which combinations are well formed
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Grammatical intuitions - ANSWER what the phonetic rules of a language are
Theory of Universal Grammar - ANSWER an idea of innate, biological grammatical categories, such as a noun category and a verb category that facilitate the entire language development in children and overall language processing in adults.
Possible Words - ANSWER Any word that obeys the phonotactic rules of a language
Trialism
Monism
Enactivism
Functionalism - ANSWER All responses to Dualism?
Meaning - ANSWER whatever the form 'stands for' or 'refers to'
Form - ANSWER what can be produced and perceived
Phoneme - ANSWER any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another
Information Encapsulation - ANSWER The property of modules that modules have no information about what happens in other modules
