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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in linguistics, including epistemology, confirmation theory, and brain function. It explores the nature of knowledge, the process of scientific inquiry, and the relationship between brain structure and cognitive abilities. Definitions, examples, and explanations of important terms and theories, making it a valuable resource for students of linguistics.
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Episemology - ANSWER the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
What are the two driving questions behind epistemology? - ANSWER 1) what is knowledge? what does it mean to "know" something?
What is knowledge of language? - ANSWER to know a language is to know the mental representations of your language.
a priori knowledge - ANSWER knowledge that comes before experience
ex: "a bachelor is a man" is true by the definition of "man" and "bachelor"
a posteriori knowledge - ANSWER knowledge that comes from experience
Infinite set - ANSWER infinite collection of objects
The Problem of Confirmation - ANSWER positive evidence will not guarantee that we learn from the correct infinite set from a finite set. this is because any finite subset is compatible with multiple infinite sets.
Confirmation - ANSWER we use confirmation to describe the process of finding evidence that supports a theory (positive evidence)
Falsification/Falsies - ANSWER the process of attempting to prove a theory wrong (negative evidence)
Popper theory of falsification - ANSWER a theory is only scientific if it can be falsified
Probabilities and Bayes Theorem - ANSWER - probabilities might allow for confirmation
The probability of a theory - ANSWER also positive evidence is compatible with an infinite number of theories, positive evidence can suggest that some theories are more likely than others
Bayes Theorem - ANSWER - a precise way to conclude how likely a theory is given a piece of positive evidence
P(theory-given-evidence)= p(evidence given theory) x p (theory)
all divided by p(evidence)
Definition of Probability - ANSWER a mathematical statement about how likely an event is to occur. takes a value between 0 and 1, 0 means the vent will never occur. 1 means the even is certain to occur.
The Lobes - ANSWER Front, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital.
Top = Superior, Bottom = inferior
Left = anterior, Right = Posterior
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER decision making, planning, emotions/personality
Parietal Lobe - ANSWER integration of sensory information, spatial relationships, touch, reading
Temporal Lobe - ANSWER memory, hearing, emotion
Occiptal Lobe - ANSWER Vision
Gyrus - ANSWER a ridge in the cerebral cortex. Plural: gyri. Also called a convolution
Sulcus - ANSWER a furrow (valley) of the cerebral cortex. Plural: sulci. Also called a fissure, especially for the major sulci
Lateral or Sylvian Fissure - ANSWER separates the temporal love from frontal and parietal lobes
Central Sulcus - ANSWER separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Cytoarchitectonics - ANSWER refers to the arrangement of neuron in layers
Brodmann - ANSWER - experiments where he sliced and sustained different areas of human/monkey brains
HYPOTHESIS: areas with different forms preform different functions
Hearing and the Auditory Cortex - ANSWER - located in superior temporal lobe
Vision and the Visual Cortex - ANSWER - primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe
The Motor (primary) Cortex - ANSWER primary motor cortex is an area that is directly responsible for body movement
Motor Cortex Details - ANSWER - doesn't control specific muscles, but organizes complex movements that involve body parts, that consist of large groups of muscles
Somatosensory Cortex - ANSWER primary receptive area for tactile sensation in the body
Homunculus - ANSWER - latin for "little man"
fMRIs - ANSWER - special technique that allows us to look for deoxygenated hemoglobin instead of hydrogen