BIOL 110: Dr. Staples’s CUMULATIVE Review sheet – Major Terms & Concepts 5/9/2005
Starr Chapter:
1. LIFE: Unity & Diversity!! = uses energy & materials
(metabolism), senses & responds, reproduces (DNA),
evolves, made of cells. Basic unit = the cell!! DNA Æ
enzymes/ proteins, receptors/stimuli, Homeostasis.
Producers, consumers, decomposers. One-way flow of
energy. Scientific method: Observe, question/
hypothesize, make prediction, test hypothesis, & form
conclusions based on results..
2. Elements (CHNOPS in cells), isotopes, atoms, molecules,
compounds. Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. Octet Rule,
Ions, Ionic bonds, covalent bonds (polar and nonpolar),
hydrogen bonds. Water: polar, hydrophilic/ hydrophobic,
temperature, cohesion, solute, solvent, “sphere of
hydration”, pH scale (hydrogen ions/protons/H+; hydroxide
ion –OH). Acid, Base, Buffer System, salts.
• Organic Macromolecules: enzymes, Condensation
Reactions, Hydrolysis Reactions, monomers, polymers;
Carbohydrates: (CH2O)n, polysaccharides,
monosaccharides – cellulose, starch, glycogen
[STRUCTURE Æ FUNCTION!!]. Lipids: animal fats =
saturated/solid, plant oils = unsaturated/liquid.
Phospholipids, sterols, waxes. Proteins: amino acids,
peptide bonds, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
structure. Globular & fibrous proteins; Denaturation.
Nucleic acids: nucleotides, ATP, phosphate-sugar-base
(ATGC) DNA, RNA (AUGC).
3. Cell Theory every organism = cells; all cells come
from cells; cell = fundamental unit of life. Plasma
membrane, nucleus/nucleiod (DNA), cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic. Fluid Mosaic Model.
Surface/volume ratio. Organelle: Nucleus, rough ER,
smooth ER, ribosomes, Golgi, mitochondria, [plants:
chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall]. Nuclear envelope,
nucleolus, chromosomes, vesicles, lysosomes.
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments/actin, Microtubules/
tubulin, intermediate filaments (eg: keratin).
• Prokaryotes -- Bacteria: capsule, flagella, pili,
peptidoglycan cell wall, circular chromosome (nucleoid).
4. Metabolism: Endergonic, exergonic reactions,
energetic coupling, ATP/phosphorylation, electron
transfers – Oxidation-reduction reactions, electron
transport systems, aerobic respiration = NADH, FADH2;
photosynthesis = NADPH. Controlled energy release
and harvesting (small packets)!! Concentration
gradient, diffusion, metabolic pathways, ENZYMES,
activation energy, catalysis, active site/induced-fit model.
Allosteric control, feedback inhibition, selective
permeability – Passive transport, Active transport;
Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Phagocytosis. Osmosis:
hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions.
6. Respiration – releasing stored energy. ATP = universal
energy currency of cell; “energetic coupler”! (exergonic to
endergonic). Glycolysis (invest 2, harvest 4 ATP):
glucoseÆ2x 3C Pyruvate (2 net ATP); Twice per Glucose:
Pyr Oxid’n/Krebs Cycle/ETC (36 net ATP). ETC electrons
pump protons (stored Energy) = Chemiosmotic
Mechanism of ATP synthesis at ATP Synthase enzyme Æ
lots of ATP (ADP + Pi Æ ATP). Anaerobic Fermentation
(alcoholic or lactate) regenerates NAD for glycolysis (only 2
ATP/glucose).
7. Reproduction: establishes the continuity of life.
Asexual: MITOSIS
Æ
identical/exact copies,
diploid
Æ
diploid; identical daughter cells to mother.
Nuclear divisions = mitosis & meiosis! Somatic
cells = mitosis; Germ cells = meiosis.
Chromosomes, Chromatin, Sister Chromatids.
Centromere, diploid, haploid. Cell cycle: Interphase
(G1, S, G2) & mitosis (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase). Kinetochores, Microtubule
Spindle, Centrioles/ Centrosomes. Cytoplasmic
Division/ CYTOKINESIS: plant cell plate; animal
cleavage furrow – contractile ring.
• Sexual Reproduction: MEIOSIS: Germ cells (eg:
gonads - testes, ovaries) Æ gametes (eggs, sperm;
haploid)Æ Fertilization (zygote). Generate
diversity/variation: meiotic crossing over and
random assortment (unique gametic combinations,
unlike either original parent), random combination of
alleles from two parents. Diploid = 2n; Haploid = n.
Meiosis I= reduction division, 2nÆn; Meiosis II
(~mitosis), but nÆn. Homologous chromosomes pair
(prophase I); Sister chromatids separate, Ana. II.
Fertilization: sperm (n) + egg (n) Æ zygote (2n).
8. GENETICS: Mendel’s pea plants; Genes, alleles,
traits, true-breeding (homozygous), hybrid offspring
(heterozygous), Dominant, Recessive, Genotype,
Phenotype. P, F1, F2. Punnet Square, test cross;
Law of Segregation (monohybrid cross), law of
Independent Assortment (dihybrid cross).
Environmental effects on phenotype.
9. DNA Structure & Function: DNA = GATC; Watson
& Crick: DNA = symmetrical double helix, sugar-
phosphate backbone outside, A-T (2 H-bond), G-C
(3) bases H-bonded inside. Antiparallel structure,
5’-3’, 3’-5’. DNA Replication = semiconservative,
5’
Æ
3’; old templates for new strands. DNA
polymerase, DNA ligase, DNA repair.
Complementary base-pairing
10. From DNA to Proteins: “Gene Expression”; (from
Genotype to Phenotype!!) Central Dogma of
Molecular Genetics: DNAÆ transcribed into RNA
message Æ translated into Protein product (“Gene
Expression”). Genetic code, CODONs, mRNA,
tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes.
12. Processes of Evolution: change allele frequencies
in populations over time; driven my mutations and
natural selection. Biogeography, comparative
morphology (eg: whale ankles, snake pelvis), fossils.
Lamarck’s Acquired Characteristics, Charles
Darwin (‘Chucky-Dee’) – HMS Beagle, Galapagos
Islands, Finches (beaks), Malthus – populations
exceed capacity of environment, breeds competition.
“On the Origin of Species” Natural Selection.
Traits – polymorphisms Æ adaptive traits =
selected. Gene pool, mutationsÆnew alleles.
