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Life: Unity and Diversity - Principles of Biology | Exam 1 | BIOL 110, Exams of Biology

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Chang; Class: Principles Of Biology; Subject: Biology; University: San Mateo County Community College District Office; Term: Spring 2005;

Typology: Exams

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/16/2009

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BIOL 110: Dr. Staples’s CUMULATIVE Review sheet – Major Terms & Concepts 5/9/2005
Starr Chapter:
1. LIFE: Unity & Diversity!! = uses energy & materials
(metabolism), senses & responds, reproduces (DNA),
evolves, made of cells. Basic unit = the cell!! DNA Æ
enzymes/ proteins, receptors/stimuli, Homeostasis.
Producers, consumers, decomposers. One-way flow of
energy. Scientific method: Observe, question/
hypothesize, make prediction, test hypothesis, & form
conclusions based on results..
2. Elements (CHNOPS in cells), isotopes, atoms, molecules,
compounds. Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. Octet Rule,
Ions, Ionic bonds, covalent bonds (polar and nonpolar),
hydrogen bonds. Water: polar, hydrophilic/ hydrophobic,
temperature, cohesion, solute, solvent, “sphere of
hydration”, pH scale (hydrogen ions/protons/H+; hydroxide
ion –OH). Acid, Base, Buffer System, salts.
Organic Macromolecules: enzymes, Condensation
Reactions, Hydrolysis Reactions, monomers, polymers;
Carbohydrates: (CH2O)n, polysaccharides,
monosaccharides – cellulose, starch, glycogen
[STRUCTURE Æ FUNCTION!!]. Lipids: animal fats =
saturated/solid, plant oils = unsaturated/liquid.
Phospholipids, sterols, waxes. Proteins: amino acids,
peptide bonds, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
structure. Globular & fibrous proteins; Denaturation.
Nucleic acids: nucleotides, ATP, phosphate-sugar-base
(ATGC) DNA, RNA (AUGC).
3. Cell Theory every organism = cells; all cells come
from cells; cell = fundamental unit of life. Plasma
membrane, nucleus/nucleiod (DNA), cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic. Fluid Mosaic Model.
Surface/volume ratio. Organelle: Nucleus, rough ER,
smooth ER, ribosomes, Golgi, mitochondria, [plants:
chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall]. Nuclear envelope,
nucleolus, chromosomes, vesicles, lysosomes.
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments/actin, Microtubules/
tubulin, intermediate filaments (eg: keratin).
Prokaryotes -- Bacteria: capsule, flagella, pili,
peptidoglycan cell wall, circular chromosome (nucleoid).
4. Metabolism: Endergonic, exergonic reactions,
energetic coupling, ATP/phosphorylation, electron
transfers – Oxidation-reduction reactions, electron
transport systems, aerobic respiration = NADH, FADH2;
photosynthesis = NADPH. Controlled energy release
and harvesting (small packets)!! Concentration
gradient, diffusion, metabolic pathways, ENZYMES,
activation energy, catalysis, active site/induced-fit model.
Allosteric control, feedback inhibition, selective
permeability – Passive transport, Active transport;
Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Phagocytosis. Osmosis:
hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions.
6. Respiration – releasing stored energy. ATP = universal
energy currency of cell; “energetic coupler”! (exergonic to
endergonic). Glycolysis (invest 2, harvest 4 ATP):
glucoseÆ2x 3C Pyruvate (2 net ATP); Twice per Glucose:
Pyr Oxid’n/Krebs Cycle/ETC (36 net ATP). ETC electrons
pump protons (stored Energy) = Chemiosmotic
Mechanism of ATP synthesis at ATP Synthase enzyme Æ
lots of ATP (ADP + Pi Æ ATP). Anaerobic Fermentation
(alcoholic or lactate) regenerates NAD for glycolysis (only 2
ATP/glucose).
7. Reproduction: establishes the continuity of life.
Asexual: MITOSIS
Æ
identical/exact copies,
diploid
Æ
diploid; identical daughter cells to mother.
Nuclear divisions = mitosis & meiosis! Somatic
cells = mitosis; Germ cells = meiosis.
Chromosomes, Chromatin, Sister Chromatids.
Centromere, diploid, haploid. Cell cycle: Interphase
(G1, S, G2) & mitosis (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase). Kinetochores, Microtubule
Spindle, Centrioles/ Centrosomes. Cytoplasmic
Division/ CYTOKINESIS: plant cell plate; animal
cleavage furrow – contractile ring.
Sexual Reproduction: MEIOSIS: Germ cells (eg:
gonads - testes, ovaries) Æ gametes (eggs, sperm;
haploid)Æ Fertilization (zygote). Generate
diversity/variation: meiotic crossing over and
random assortment (unique gametic combinations,
unlike either original parent), random combination of
alleles from two parents. Diploid = 2n; Haploid = n.
Meiosis I= reduction division, 2nÆn; Meiosis II
(~mitosis), but nÆn. Homologous chromosomes pair
(prophase I); Sister chromatids separate, Ana. II.
Fertilization: sperm (n) + egg (n) Æ zygote (2n).
8. GENETICS: Mendel’s pea plants; Genes, alleles,
traits, true-breeding (homozygous), hybrid offspring
(heterozygous), Dominant, Recessive, Genotype,
Phenotype. P, F1, F2. Punnet Square, test cross;
Law of Segregation (monohybrid cross), law of
Independent Assortment (dihybrid cross).
Environmental effects on phenotype.
9. DNA Structure & Function: DNA = GATC; Watson
& Crick: DNA = symmetrical double helix, sugar-
phosphate backbone outside, A-T (2 H-bond), G-C
(3) bases H-bonded inside. Antiparallel structure,
5’-3’, 3’-5’. DNA Replication = semiconservative,
5’
Æ
3’; old templates for new strands. DNA
polymerase, DNA ligase, DNA repair.
Complementary base-pairing
10. From DNA to Proteins: “Gene Expression”; (from
Genotype to Phenotype!!) Central Dogma of
Molecular Genetics: DNAÆ transcribed into RNA
message Æ translated into Protein product (“Gene
Expression”). Genetic code, CODONs, mRNA,
tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes.
12. Processes of Evolution: change allele frequencies
in populations over time; driven my mutations and
natural selection. Biogeography, comparative
morphology (eg: whale ankles, snake pelvis), fossils.
Lamarck’s Acquired Characteristics, Charles
Darwin (‘Chucky-Dee’) – HMS Beagle, Galapagos
Islands, Finches (beaks), Malthus – populations
exceed capacity of environment, breeds competition.
“On the Origin of Species” Natural Selection.
Traits – polymorphisms Æ adaptive traits =
selected. Gene pool, mutationsÆnew alleles.
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BIOL 110: Dr. Staples’s CUMULATIVE Review sheet – Major Terms & Concepts 5/9/

Starr Chapter:

  1. LIFE : Unity & Diversity!! = uses energy & materials (metabolism) , senses & responds, reproduces (DNA), evolves, made of cells. Basic unit = the cell !! DNA Æ enzymes/ proteins, receptors/stimuli, Homeostasis. Producers, consumers, decomposers. One-way flow of energy. Scientific method : Observe, question/ hypothesize, make prediction, test hypothesis, & form conclusions based on results..
  2. Elements (CHNOPS in cells), isotopes, atoms, molecules, compounds. Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. Octet Rule , Ions, Ionic bonds, covalent bonds (polar and nonpolar) , hydrogen bonds. Water: polar, hydrophilic/ hydrophobic, temperature, cohesion, solute, solvent, “sphere of hydration”, pH scale (hydrogen ions/protons/H+; hydroxide ion –OH). Acid, Base, Buffer System , salts.
  • Organic Macromolecules: enzymes, Condensation Reactions , Hydrolysis Reactions , monomers, polymers; Carbohydrates : (CH 2 O)n, polysaccharides, monosaccharides – cellulose, starch, glycogen [ STRUCTURE Æ FUNCTION!! ]. Lipids : animal fats = saturated/solid, plant oils = unsaturated/liquid. Phospholipids , sterols, waxes. Proteins : amino acids, peptide bonds, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure. Globular & fibrous proteins; Denaturation. Nucleic acids : nucleotides, ATP, phosphate-sugar-base (ATGC) DNA, RNA (AUGC).
  1. Cell Theory every organism = cells; all cells come from cells ; cell = fundamental unit of life. Plasma membrane, nucleus/nucleiod (DNA), cytoplasm. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic. Fluid Mosaic Model. Surface/volume ratio. Organelle : Nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, Golgi, mitochondria , [plants: chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall ]. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes, vesicles, lysosomes. Cytoskeleton : microfilaments /actin, Microtubules / tubulin, intermediate filaments (eg: keratin).
  • Prokaryotes -- Bacteria: capsule, flagella, pili, peptidoglycan cell wall, circular chromosome (nucleoid).
  1. Metabolism: Endergonic, exergonic reactions, energetic coupling , ATP/phosphorylation, electron transfers – Oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transport systems, aerobic respiration = NADH, FADH 2 ; photosynthesis = NADPH. Controlled energy release and harvesting (small packets)!! Concentration gradient, diffusion, metabolic pathways, ENZYMES , activation energy, catalysis, active site/induced-fit model. Allosteric control , feedback inhibition, selective permeability – Passive transport, Active transport; Exocytosis, Endocytosis , Phagocytosis. Osmosis: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions.
  2. Respiration – releasing stored energy. ATP = universal energy currency of cell; “ energetic coupler”! ( exergonic to endergonic ). Glycolysis (invest 2, harvest 4 ATP): glucoseÆ2x 3C Pyruvate (2 net ATP); Twice per Glucose: Pyr Oxid’n/Krebs Cycle/ETC (36 net ATP). ETC electrons pump protons (stored Energy) = Chemiosmotic Mechanism of ATP synthesis at ATP Synthase enzyme Æ lots of ATP (ADP + Pi Æ ATP). Anaerobic Fermentation (alcoholic or lactate) regenerates NAD for glycolysis (only 2 ATP/glucose). 7. Reproduction: establishes the continuity of life.

Asexual: MITOSIS Æ identical /exact copies,

diploid Æ diploid; identical daughter cells to mother.

Nuclear divisions = mitosis & meiosis! Somatic cells = mitosis; Germ cells = meiosis. Chromosomes, Chromatin, Sister Chromatids. Centromere , diploid, haploid. Cell cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2) & mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Kinetochores, Microtubule Spindle, Centrioles/ Centrosomes. Cytoplasmic Division/ CYTOKINESIS : plant cell plate ; animal cleavage furrow – contractile ring.

  • Sexual Reproduction: MEIOSIS : Germ cells (eg: gonads - testes, ovaries) Æ gametes (eggs, sperm; haploid)Æ Fertilization (zygote). Generate diversity/variation : meiotic crossing over and random assortment (unique gametic combinations, unlike either original parent), random combination of alleles from two parents. Diploid = 2n; Haploid = n. Meiosis I= reduction division , 2nÆn; Meiosis II (~mitosis), but nÆn. Homologous chromosomes pair (prophase I); Sister chromatids separate, Ana. II. Fertilization: sperm (n) + egg (n) Æ zygote (2n).
  1. GENETICS : Mendel’s pea plants; Genes, alleles, traits, true-breeding (homozygous), hybrid offspring (heterozygous), Dominant, Recessive, Genotype, Phenotype. P, F1, F2. Punnet Square, test cross; Law of Segregation (monohybrid cross), law of Independent Assortment (dihybrid cross). Environmental effects on phenotype.
  2. DNA Structure & Function : DNA = GATC; Watson & Crick: DNA = symmetrical double helix, sugar- phosphate backbone outside, A-T (2 H-bond), G-C (3) bases H-bonded inside. Antiparallel structure , 5’-3’, 3’-5’. DNA Replication = semiconservative,

5’ Æ 3’ ; old templates for new strands. DNA

polymerase, DNA ligase, DNA repair. Complementary base-pairing

  1. From DNA to Proteins : “Gene Expression”; (from Genotype to Phenotype!!) Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics: DNA Æ transcribed into RNA message Æ translated into Protein product (“Gene Expression”). Genetic code, CODONs , mRNA, tRNA, rRNA , ribosomes.
  2. Processes of Evolution : change allele frequencies in populations over time; driven my mutations and natural selection. Biogeography, comparative morphology (eg: whale ankles, snake pelvis), fossils. Lamarck’s Acquired Characteristics , Charles Darwin (‘Chucky-Dee’) – HMS Beagle, Galapagos Islands, Finches (beaks) , Malthus – populations exceed capacity of environment, breeds competition. “On the Origin of Species” Natural Selection. Traits – polymorphisms Æ adaptive traits = selected. Gene pool, mutations Æ new alleles.

Principles of Biology CUMULATIVE Final portion (Spring 2005): STUDY QUESTIONS

Possible Short Essay Topics (be prepared to draw diagrams as well!):

• Likely Exam questions are underlined and marked with two asterisks (**), but ALL questions below are excellent

review tools for the rest of the exam!!

1. **Describe 5 characteristics of all truly living things (organisms).

2. Describe 3 distinguishing structural characteristics each for Polysaccharides, Lipids, Proteins,

and Nucleic Acids.

3. **Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane, including the 4 major types of

molecules present in cellular membranes.

4. Diagram and label the components of a typical eukaryotic cell, and a typical prokaryotic cell.

What are 5 major differences between these two types of cells.

5. Describe and distinguish between the two types of Passive Transport, and Active Transport

across biological membranes. Draw diagrams to illustrate each process.

6. Compare the ATP inputs and outputs of Glycolysis alone with those by Aerobic Respiration.

How many ATP are consumed, and how many are produced in each process from start to finish?

Where are the most ATP produced during Aerobic Respiration? Use diagrams to illustrate your

explanations.

7. Using diagrams, compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis I. What is the purpose of Mitosis,

and of Meiosis? How do the differences between these two types of nuclear divisions serve this

biological purpose?

8. **Describe the theory of Blending Inheritance. How did Mendel’s first set of experiments

disprove this theory?

9. **List and describe 5 main characteristics of DNA’s chemical structure, as deduced by Watson

and Crick. Use diagrams as much as possible.

10. Name and describe, using diagrams, the term used to describe the method of DNA replication

(synthesis) in cells.

11. **Contrast Darwin’s theory of Natural selection with Lamarck’s ideas of Acquired Characteristics.

Give examples of each man’s view of the origin of some observable characteristic in nature (for

example: giraffe’s necks, elephant’s trunks, peacock feathers, moth/butterfly coloration, etc.).