Download Life 102|104 Exam 1 CSU Arthun Quiz: Cell Biology and Chemistry Questions and Answers and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Life 102|104 Exam 1 CSU Arthun Quiz
Questions With 100% Correct Answers
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus? Where do proteins go from the Golgi? - โ โ stacks of flattened membrane sacs; ships proteins off to the plasma membrane
How are cell contents moved from one location to another (i.e. from ER to Golgi)? - โ โ Via Vesicles; vesicles can bud off one membrane and fuse with another->contents transported
What is the function of lysosomes and vacuoles? - โ โ Lysosomes are the digestive Enzyme Vesicles;digestion of food particles and damaged organelles. Vacuoles are large ER/Golgi derived vesicles, for sturdiness and storage of: ions, metabolites, pigments and toxins
Why are lysosome contents separated from the cytoplasm? - โ โ
What is the endomembrane system in cells? - โ โ system that regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
Which organelles are not part of the endomembrane system? - โ โ Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
What is the structure and function of mitochondria? - โ โ Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into crust. The inner membrane creates two compartments: inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix. Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes
that synthesize ATP. Mitochondria functions to convert chemical energy and energy production via "respiration" sugar+O2->CO2+H2O+energy.
What is the endosymbiont theory? - โ โ derived from Prokaryotes- ncorporated into larger host cell
What are the different types of cytoskeletal fibers and where are they found? What are the functions of the various cytoskeletal fibers? - โ โ 1.Microtubules-thick,straight,hollow fibers of "tubulin" functions cellular support and movement organelle/vesicle movement, spindle formations
2.Microfilaments-thin solid rods of "actin" function as temporary structure, contraction
- Intermediate Filaments-solid rods of "keratin" function as permanent structures and cell shape.
What is the extracellular matrix in animal cells? The cell wall in plant cells? - โ โ The extracellular matrix is made primarily of glycoproteins and it functions as support, adhesion,movement and signaling between cells. The cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water, cellulose fiber helps to support cells.
What are the various types of contact points between cells? How do they differ functionally? - โ โ Contact point between plant cells is Plasmodesmata: cytoplasmic connections between cells (transport of molecules). Contact point between animal cells are the tight junctions,desmosomes and gap junctions. Tight junctions function to prevent fluid transport across cell layer and prevent mixing of contents
What is an organic molecule? - โ โ consists of proteins, acids, DNA, fats and sugar
What are the advantages of using carbon as a building block for organic molecules - โ โ carbon is tetravalent(can make 4 bonds), needs 4 electrons to fill valence shell, capable of making 4 chemical bonds, large complex and diverse molecules, accounts for the diversity of life on the planet
Variations in the carbon skeleton - โ โ Length, Branching, double bond position, presence of rings
What is the difference between 1-butene and 2-butene? - โ โ Its double bond postion
What is the difference between butane and isobutane? - โ โ Butane is unbranched, isobutane is branched
Hydroxyl groups - โ โ functions as polar
Carbonyl groups - โ โ functions as polar
Carboxyl - โ โ functions as acid
Amino groups - โ โ function as bases
Sulfhydryl groups - โ โ bid their sulfhydryl groups
Phosphate groups - โ โ function as polar reactive
Methyl groups - โ โ function as non-polar
Isomer - โ โ same atomic composition but different structures and properties
Structural Isomers - โ โ variation in covalent partners, as shown in example of butane and isobutane
Cis-trans isomers - โ โ variation in arrangement of side groups
Enantiomers - โ โ mirror images
What is the role of a dehydration synthesis reaction in the formation of a polymer? - โ โ removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
What does the hydrolysis reaction do to a polymer? - โ โ adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
Glucose forms a ring structure, what are the atoms that make up the ring? - โ โ 5-Carbon and 6-carbon sugars form ring structures
What do you call two sugar monomers linked together? - โ โ Polysaccharides
What are the functions of polysaccharides? - โ โ Energy storage and support
What are lipids? - โ โ They arrant polymers, not as big an are hydrophobic
What are the components of a triglyceride (fat)? - โ โ glycerol+ fatty acids
What are the components of a phospholipid and why do these molecules spontaneously form bilayers in water? - โ โ Hydrophilic head + 2 hydrophobic tails. Because tails are hydrophobic
What are saturated and unsaturated fats and how can they be distinguished at room temperature? - โ โ Saturated fats are solid
What is protein denaturation? - โ โ loss of protein conformation
Is a denatured protein still functional? - โ โ Not still functional because it lost its shape
What are some examples of protein functions? - โ โ Enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins, contractile porteins, transport, communication
What are the components of a nucleotide? - โ โ Have a phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous bases
How are nucleotides arrangedto form DNA or RNA? - โ โ A-T C-G
Which part of the nucleotide molecule is the backbone? - โ โ Phosphates
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - โ โ DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and through mRNA controls protein synthesis
What rules govern base pairing - โ โ Purine always base pairs with a Pyramidine
DNA strands are described as being complementary and anti-parallel. What does that mean? - โ โ It means they are opposite of each other
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - โ โ The domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells. Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having: DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound
organelles, and cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus. Prokaryotes have no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles.
Why are eukaryotic cells compartmentalized? What is the advantage of compartmentalization? - โ โ Because there are many specialized cell compartments. Advantage is their is an increased division of labor.
What is the structure of the nuclear envelope? What are nuclear pore complexes? - โ โ Double membrane surrounding nucleus. Pore complexes connects nucleus to cytoplasm and serve as a selective passage between nucleus and cytoplasm
What is the function of ribosomes? Where are they located? - โ โ Carry out the instructions with the aid of certain RNA molecules, most are free in the cytosol some are bound to the ER or nuclear membrane.
What is rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Which classes of molecules are synthesized in the rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? - โ โ Rough ER: studded with Ribosomes
Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Ribosomes are synthesizes
At what organizational level is life's uniformity most evident? - โ โ Most evident in cells
At what organizational level is life diversity most evident? - โ โ Most evident in organisms
Nitrogen-
Oxygen-
Hydrogen-
Why are hydrogen bonds important for biological molecules? Example of a biological molecule that contains hydrogen bonds - โ โ They are important because due to them water has a high heat of vaporization, it will cause a high specific heat as we. It is also important for giving stabilization without permanent bonds. DNA is an example of a biological molecule containing hydrogen bonds
What does mass conservation law state? - โ โ Mass can be changed from one form to another but the overall mass does not change (number of molecules doesn't change)
What does it mean when a reaction is reversible? - โ โ Because its a reaction that can go from reactants to products or products to reactants.
What is chemical equilibrium? - โ โ When the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
Why is water a polar molecule? - โ โ Because it has a partial negative charge and a partial positive charge because the oxygen is partially negatively charged and hydrogen is partially positive.
What type of bonds do water molecules form with each other? - โ โ Hydrogen bonds
What are the properties of water? - โ โ Cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat, heat of vaporization.
Cohesion - โ โ high surface tension
surface tension - โ โ measure of how hard it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid
high specific heat - โ โ the amount of energy it takes for temperature to raise 1 degree
Heat of Vaporization - โ โ amount of energy it takes to go from a liquid to a gas
What is the density of water at various temperatures? - โ โ Water is frozen at 4 degrees celsius
Why does ice float? - โ โ Because water molecules are more spread out when frozen (expand)
How do hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds interact with water? - โ โ Hydrophilic has high affinity for water ions (polar molecules), hydrophobic has low affinity for water ions (non polar molecules and non ionic elements)
What is concentration? - โ โ how much solute is present per volume of solvent in moles
What is solute? - โ โ substances that are dissolved
What is a solvent? - โ โ the dissolving agent of a solution
Why is water a good solvent? - โ โ Because it forms hydrogen bonds easily
What types of solutes dissolve in water? - โ โ Hydrophilic solutes
