Wind Direction & Velocity: Study of Pressure Gradients, Coriolis Effect, and Friction | Study notes Physics

Lesson I: Which way does the wind blow?

Overview:

What makes the wind blow? What makes the wind blow in certain directions? Why does the

wind shift after the passage of a weather front? Many people do not know the answer to these

questions. This exercise will help explain the forces that govern wind velocity (wind speed and

direction) and provide a better understanding of weather maps.

Necessary Materials:

• Maps representing different pressure gradients

• Internet access to obtain weather maps

• Printers to make hard copies of the maps

• Four colored pencils (red, green, blue, and black)

Theory:

Everyday we look at weather maps on television or on the Internet, but where do those maps

come from? Weather maps come from observations at the surface and from weather balloons

that are released worldwide (twice a day). Maps are then produced from these observations and

lines are used to interpolate between data points.

The forces that govern wind velocity include the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis “force”

(an apparent force due to Earth’s rotation) and friction. The pressure gradient force is what

causes the win d to blow. In the atmosphere, pressure differences are a result of changes in

density due to warm and cold air. When warm and cold air is close together, we have a pressure

gradient. The pressure gradient force is only determined by the gradient in the pressure (the

stronger the difference in the pressure, the stronger the pressure gradient force). Finding the

pressure gradient at the surface is easy because we look at maps of pressure. At higher levels,

we look at isobaric surface maps. Isobaric surface maps do not have lines of pressure but have

lines of geopotential height.

The Coriolis “force” is an apparent force due to the rotation of the Earth and does not cause the

wind to blow, but changes its direction. The magnitude of the Coriolis force is dependent on

the latitude and speed of the wi n d (maximized at high latitudes and fast wind speeds). It acts

to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (SH).

Near the Earth’s surface, friction acts opposite to the direction of the wi n d and slows it down.

The magnitude of friction depends on the speed of the wi n d and the roughness of the surface.

For example, friction is stronger over a forest and fast wi n d speeds than over calm water and

slower wind speeds.

High above the surface, the friction force is very small so the wi n d is a result of the force

balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. Near the Earth’s surface,

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Lesson I: Which way does the wind blow? Overview: What makes the wind blow? What makes the wind blow in certain directions? Why does the wind shift after the passage of a weather front? Many people do not know the answer to these questions. This exercise will help explain the forces that govern wind velocity (wind speed and direction) and provide a better understanding of weather maps. Necessary Materials:

Maps representing different pressure gradients
Internet access to obtain weather maps
Printers to make hard copies of the maps
Four colored pencils (red, green, blue, and black ) Theory: Everyday we look at weather maps on television or on the Internet, but where do those maps come from? Weather maps come from observations at the surface and from weather balloons that are released worldwide (twice a day). Maps are then produced from these observations and lines are used to interpolate between data points. The forces that govern wind velocity include the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis “force” (an apparent force due to Earth’s rotation) and friction. The pressure gradient force is what causes the wind to blow. In the atmosphere, pressure differences are a result of changes in density due to warm and cold air. When warm and cold air is close together, we have a pressure gradient. The pressure gradient force is only determined by the gradient in the pressure (the stronger the difference in the pressure, the stronger the pressure gradient force). Finding the pressure gradient at the surface is easy because we look at maps of pressure. At higher levels, we look at isobaric surface maps. Isobaric surface maps do not have lines of pressure but have lines of geopotential height. The Coriolis “force” is an apparent force due to the rotation of the Earth and does not cause the wind to blow, but changes its direction. The magnitude of the Coriolis force is dependent on the latitude and speed of the wind (maximized at high latitudes and fast wind speeds). It acts to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Near the Earth’s surface, friction acts opposite to the direction of the wind and slows it down. The magnitude of friction depends on the speed of the wind and the roughness of the surface. For example, friction is stronger over a forest and fast wind speeds than over calm water and slower wind speeds. High above the surface, the friction force is very small so the wind is a result of the force balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. Near the Earth’s surface,

friction is no longer negligible and the wind is a result of the force balance between the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force and friction. Doing the Experiment: Step 1

As a group, practice drawing force diagrams using simple plots of pressure and geopotential height before using the weather maps.
First determine if the plot is at the surface or aloft.
Locate and label high ( H ) and low pressure ( L ) (color coding does not relate high or low pressure to the Coriolis force or the pressure gradient force, but is used to be consistent with everyday weather maps).
If the plot is aloft, draw a vector representing the pressure gradient force, pointing from higher to lower pressure. The tighter the pressure gradient, the longer the vector.
If the plot is aloft, friction is negligible and we can draw a vector representing the Coriolis force opposite (at an 180 ° angle to) the pressure gradient force (recall geostrophic balance).
In the upper levels of the atmosphere, the wind is called the geostrophic wind and it is parallel to isolines or at a 90° angle to both the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. In the NH the wind is to the right of the pressure gradient force and is to the left in the SH.
If the plot is at the surface, friction is no longer negligible and we need to balance the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and friction. o Friction decreases the wind speed. Since the Coriolis force is dependent on the wind speed, it also decreases and will not exactly balance the pressure gradient force. o Draw a vector representing the Coriolis force (smaller than the pressure gradient force) at angle that is less than 180° to the pressure gradient force. The angle should be to the right of the pressure gradient force in the NH and to the left in the SH. o Draw a vector representing the friction at a 90° angle to the Coriolis force. Friction is to the right of the Coriolis force in the NH and to the left in the SH.
Using vector addition, we can see that the Coriolis force and friction balance the pressure gradient force, and can draw the resultant wind vector (in black ).
At the surface, the wind vector will point towards lower pressure and is 180° opposite the friction, 90° from the Coriolis force, and less than 90° from the pressure gradient force. Step
Now we will apply these fundamentals to weather maps.
Go to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/composites/day/
Two plots are required for this exercise, select one plot at a time and continue with the following steps. For plot number one, select sea level pressure (surface analysis) for the

Upper level ridge axis: Summary: This exercise explains the forces that govern wind velocity (speed and direction) and provides a better understanding of weather maps. Knowing what makes the wind blow and change directions is important for understanding the atmosphere. Lesson Glossary:

Geopotential Height: The approximate height above mean sea-level where a single pressure surface (like 500mb) is observed.
Geostrophic Balance: Describes a balance between the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force.
Geostrophic Wind: The horizontal wind velocity for which the Coriolis force exactly balances the horizontal pressure gradient force.
Isobaric Surface Maps: Maps of geopotential height for a single pressure surface (like 500mb).
Isolines: Lines used on maps to represent points of equal value. For More Information: CMMAP, the Center for Multi-Scale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes: http://cmmap.colostate.edu Little Shop of Physics: http://littleshop.physics.colostate.edu

Wind Direction & Velocity: Study of Pressure Gradients, Coriolis Effect, and Friction, Study notes of Physics

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500 mb Heights

The pressure gradient force makes the air move.

The Coriolis force rotates the wind.

Friction tries to slow the wind down.

Wind is what results.

Upper level ridge axis:

Upper level trough axis:

Surface and upper level low pressure:

L

Surface and upper level high pressure:

H

500 mb Heights