Lectures for FAM Classes, Lecture notes of Biology

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FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS IN

CARBOHYDRATES

FOOD as MEDICINE 11:400: LEC # 13

CARBOHYDRATES: CHO

• Important sources of energy
• Cell wall material isolated from plants
• Structural feature: bioactive CHO resistant to digestion in the upper GI tract
• Indigestible CHO fermented by colon bacteria
• Fuel for beneficial bacteria in order to grow and multiply at the expense of pathogenic microorganisms

1. FIBER & Bowel Health

• Maintains mass of beneficial bacteria in colon
• Reduces transient time of toxins, like carcinogens in the digestive tract
• LAB growth increases, increases colon acidity; this is toxic to pathogens LAB= lactic acid bacteria 4

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F333oee 3bik6e1t8q4y139009mcg.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com%2Fwp- content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F06%2FFODMAPS-DIET- Pic2.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fdrjockers.com%2F7-ways- reduce-food- sensitivities%2F&docid=Cc1suyHxce00aM&tbnid=60Ec- 8XLsBuDaM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjWmvPTluHWAhVIWCYKHYJi D- Y4yAEQMwhGKEQwRA..i&w=900&h=694&bih=734&biw=1536& q=foods%20with%20inulin&ved=0ahUKEwjWmvPTluHWAhVIWC YKHYJiD- Y4yAEQMwhGKEQwRA&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=694&imgdii=paARl f5KXwYUeM:&vet=10ahUKEwjWmvPTluHWAhVIWCYKHYJiD- Y4yAEQMwhGKEQwRA..i&w= Sorbitol & Fiber in prunes for constipation relief

SCFAs in Inflammation

• Inflammation associated with various conditions: diarrhea, atherosclerosis, renal dysfunction
• WBCs migrate from blood to inflammation site
• SCFAs affect the WBCs & enhance the anti-inflammatory capacity of the body

3. FIBER & Heart Health

• CVD= cardiovascular Diseases
• Fiber helps to trap and remove bile acids, cholesterol from intestinal tract
• This lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides
• Reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension and stroke

5. FIBER & Fetal Development

Rat experiments

• High-fat, high-fiber diet: reduced abortions of fetuses than high- fat, low-fiber diet
• Fiber reduces oxidative stress and improve placenta health, fetal growth and development

11 https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=734&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=foods+with+inulin&oq=foods+with+inulin&gs_l=psy- ab.3..0i24k1l4.606064.611550.0.612328.24.19.0.0.0.0.160.1802.16j3.19.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..8.2.257....0.HWRn1OaXBX8#imgrc=kiVmUpZlmbf6pM:

• Taurine is an amino acid; used in energy drinks as well
• Found in large amounts in the brain, retina, heart, and blood cells called platelets.
• The best food sources are meat and fish.
• helps regulate the level of water and minerals in the blood. Taurine is also thought to have antioxidant properties. Is Carbohydrate the only ingredient in energy drinks? No……………………………………………………..

13 Cellulose Plants, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, bran Hemicellulose Cereal grains Lignin Woody plants; polymer, non-CHO substance in cell walls Pectin Fruits, vegetables, legumes, sugar beets, potato Gums Leguminous seed plants ( guar gum locust bean), seaweed extracts, microbial gums (Xanthan, gellan) Mucilages Plant extracts ( gum acacia) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614039/

How much fiber from processed foods?

• Do not trust front of package; look for fiber content
• "Fiber is your friend, look for 2 grams or more for every 100 calories to know that you are getting a decent whole grain.“….. Dr. Katz

Soluble Fiber: Pectin

• Grapefruits, lemons, oranges, carrots, squash, apricots, apples, guavas, pears ……. Good sources - http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/22783/PDF
• Ability to form a gel
• Physiological effects:
  • Improved blood glucose, cholesterol and lipid profiles
  • Anti-cancer agent: binds a carbohydrate-binding protein implicated in tumors
  • Decreases blood clot strength; related to decreased risk of CVD

Soluble fiber: Psyllium

• used primarily as a gentle bulk-forming laxative
• shrub-like herb called Plantago ovata
• Each plant can produce up to 15,000 tiny, gel- coated seeds, from which psyllium husk is derived. https://www.google.com/search?q=psyllium&source=lnms&tbm=i sch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGnLzTmuLWAhWBUSYKHQMoC Q_AUIDCgD&biw=1536&bih=734#imgrc=-Z617bbZUN6rdM:

Soluble Fiber: Guar Gum

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=guar+gum+in+tamil&view=det ailv2&&id=5B426835C7C8A5DE78F23EA9D89413EC7F1CE762&se lectedIndex=4&ccid=VR5SPY3A&simid=608007043462008604&thid =OIP.M551e523d8dc0528a8d7306f18581ad65o0&ajaxhist= Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

• Hypocholesterolemic effects: ability to reduce concentrations of cholesterol in liver
• Indirectly enhances liver’s ability to remove cholesterol from circulation
• Hence lowers risk of atherosclerosis

Xanthan Gum: an additive

• Fermentation of sugars by xanthomonas bacteria https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=734&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=xanthomonas+on+broccoli&oq=xantho monas+on+broccoli&gs_l=psy-ab.3...23583.30517.0.30733.25.24.1.0.0.0.138.2130.20j4.24.0....0...1.1.64.psy- ab..0.17.1468...0j0i24k1.0.qIM5WX_I8go#imgrc=NhhsUTvX9AKUnM: https://www.google.com/search?q=xanthan+gum&source=lnms &tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2sKOCoeLWAhUl5oMKHdjU BQEQ_AUICygC&biw=1536&bih=734#imgrc=F0ddrIcL4sAuIM: https://www.google.com/search?q=xanthan+gum+in+salad+dressing&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwj-wKi2oeLWAhVn5YMKHeaxD0IQ_AUICygC&biw=1536&bih=734#imgrc=U-yM7lMGo5QukM: