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BIOL 240BIOL 240:: General MicrobiologyGeneral Microbiology
Spring 2009Spring 2009 R 3/5/2009R 3/5/
http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/
1.1. PrePre--LabLab WriteupsWriteups:: Be sure to prepare before each Monday’sBe sure to prepare before each Monday’s labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!!labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!!
- • (What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??)(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??) 2.2. PLAN w/ YOUR GROUP/6: Bring a DRY SOIL samples next TUESPLAN w/ YOUR GROUP/6: Bring a DRY SOIL samples next TUES!!!!
- • Few tablespoons in a zipFew tablespoons in a zip--lock bag.lock bag.
3.3. MT1 will be returned in LAB today & M/C Answer KEYMT1 will be returned in LAB today & M/C Answer KEY isis postedposted..
- • PleasePlease CHECK and REVIEW all of your missed answers.CHECK and REVIEW all of your missed answers. ÆÆ underunder ““Add’lAdd’l Materials” tab.Materials” tab.
- • If you scored <70% on the Exam, you MUST see me THIS week!!If you scored <70% on the Exam, you MUST see me THIS week!!
4.4. Lab Quiz #3 is DUELab Quiz #3 is DUE TONIGHT!!!TONIGHT!!!
REVIEWREVIEW
1.1. Diagram how high energyDiagram how high energy electrons are used to produce ATPelectrons are used to produce ATP in the mitochondrial innerin the mitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasmamembrane (or bacterial plasma memmem.)..). 2.2. Compare and contrast theCompare and contrast the energy inputs and outputs of Fermentation & Aerobicenergy inputs and outputs of Fermentation & Aerobic Respiration/OxidativeRespiration/Oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation..
TODAY’sTODAY’s Objectives:Objectives: Students should be able to….Students should be able to….
1.1. ExplainExplain howhow lipids and proteins arelipids and proteins are catabolizedcatabolized and energy harvestedand energy harvested
thru pathways shared with glucose metabolism.thru pathways shared with glucose metabolism.
2.2. Compare transport and final electron acceptors betweenCompare transport and final electron acceptors between aerobic and twoaerobic and two
different types of anaerobic respirationdifferent types of anaerobic respiration..
333 3. Explain how .EEExplain how l il i hh li htli htlightlight energy is harvested and stored energy is harvested and storedii hh t dt d dd tt dd iiiin the form of chemical n the form of chemicalthth ff ff hh ii ll
energy by photosynthetic organisms.energy by photosynthetic organisms.
4.4. Diagram howDiagram how catabolic and anabolic pathways can share intermediatescatabolic and anabolic pathways can share intermediates
to efficiently regulate energy storage, energy usage, and biosynthesis.to efficiently regulate energy storage, energy usage, and biosynthesis.
5.5. ** Distinguish the** Distinguish the carbon and energy sources for all of thecarbon and energy sources for all of the trophismstrophisms ::
chemo, photo, hetero, auto, and combinations of each.chemo, photo, hetero, auto, and combinations of each.
1.1. Releases energy from oxidation of organic moleculesReleases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
2.2. Does not require oxygenDoes not require oxygen
3.3. Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETCDoes not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
5.7)5.7) FermentationFermentation
yy
4.4. Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptorUses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Figure 5.18bFigure 5.18b
- • Alcohol fermentationAlcohol fermentation - - Produces ethyl alcoholProduces ethyl alcohol
A. Types of FermentationA. Types of Fermentation
++ CO CO (^22)
- • Lactic acid fermentationLactic acid fermentation - - Produces lacticProduces lactic
acid.acid.
- – Homolactic fermentationHomolactic fermentation - - Produces lactic acidProduces lactic acid
only.only.
- – Heterolactic fermentationHeterolactic fermentation - - Produces lactic acidProduces lactic acid
and other compounds (eg: acetoin).and other compounds (eg: acetoin).
B. Protein CatabolismB. Protein Catabolism
ProteinProtein Amino acidsAmino acids
ExtracellularExtracellular proteasesproteases
Deamination (Deamination ( ÆÆ acid)acid), decarboxylation, decarboxylation (( ÆÆ ii ) d h d) d h d ii
Krebs cycleKrebs cycle
(( ÆÆ amineamine), dehydrogenation), dehydrogenation
Organic acidOrganic acid
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/tca/tca.htmhttp://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/tca/tca.htm
Figure 5.
** Biochemical tests **** Biochemical tests **
- • Used to identify bacteria.Used to identify bacteria.
DichotomousDichotomous KKKey:Key:
Figure 10.
- • Photo:Photo: Conversion of light energy into chemicalConversion of light energy into chemical
energy (ATP)energy (ATP)
5.9)5.9) PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
- – LightLight--dependent (light) reactionsdependent (light) reactions
- • Synthesis:Synthesis: Fixing carbon into organic moleculesFixing carbon into organic molecules
- – LightLight--independent (dark) reaction, Calvinindependent (dark) reaction, Calvin--Benson cycleBenson cycle
¾¾¾¾ OOOOxygenic: xygenic:ii
6 CO6 CO 22 + 12 H+ 12 H 22 O + Light energyO + Light energy →→ CC 66 HH 1212 OO 66 + 6 O+ 6 O 22 + 6 H+ 6 H 22 OO
¾¾ AnoxygenicAnoxygenic ::
COCO 22 + 2 H+ 2 H 22 S + Light energyS + Light energy →→ [CH[CH 22 O] + 2 A + HO] + 2 A + H 22 OO
A. CyclicA. Cyclic
PhotophosphorylationPhotophosphorylation
Figure 5.24a
CalvinCalvin--
BensonBenson
Cycle:Cycle:
CarbonCarbon--
5C RuBP5C RuBP
Unstable 6C intermediateUnstable 6C intermediate
2x 3C2x 3C
(15 Carbons)(15 Carbons)
Figure 5.
CC--fixation!!fixation!!
Fixation!Fixation!
2x 3C2x 3C
- • SYNTHESIS!!!SYNTHESIS!!!
- • “Dark Reactions”“Dark Reactions”
- • Using ATP & NADPHUsing ATP & NADPH made in the lightmade in the light reactions!!reactions!!
6C + Products6C + Products
(15 Carbons)(15 Carbons)
http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellfuhttp://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellfu nktionen/Memb_Vorg/Photosynthese/Dunkel_u_Snktionen/Memb_Vorg/Photosynthese/Dunkel_u_S taerke/Calvintaerke/Calvin--BensonBenson--Zyklus/index.jspZyklus/index.jsp
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio111/calvin.htmlhttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio111/calvin.html
Table 5.
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio111/calvin.html http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellfunktionen/Memb_Vorg/Photosynthese/Dunkel_u_Staerke/Calvin-Benson-Zyklus/index.jsp
- • HalobacteriumHalobacterium usesuses
bacteriorhodopsinbacteriorhodopsin ,,
- – notnotnot chlorophyllnot chlorophyll,chlorophyllchlorophyll,
- – to generate electrons forto generate electrons for
a chemiosmotic protona chemiosmotic proton
pump.pump.
5.10)5.10) ChemotrophsChemotrophs
- • Use energy from chemicals.Use energy from chemicals.
- – ChemoChemoheteroheterotrophtroph
GlucoseGlucose
Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid
NADNAD++
NADHNADH
ETCETC
- • Energy is used in anabolism.Energy is used in anabolism.
PyruvicPyruvic acid acid NADHNADH ADPADP ++ PP ATPATP
Metabolic Diversity AmongMetabolic Diversity Among
OrganismsOrganisms
Nutritional typeNutritional type EnergyEnergy sourcesource
CarbonCarbon sourcesource ExampleExample sourcesource sourcesource
PhotoPhotoautotrophautotroph LightLight COCO 22 Oxygenic:Oxygenic: Cyanobacteria plants.Cyanobacteria plants. Anoxygenic: Green,Anoxygenic: Green, purple bacteria.purple bacteria.
PhotoPhotoheteroheterotrophtroph LightLight OrganicOrganic compoundscompounds
Green, purpleGreen, purple nonsulfur bacteria.nonsulfur bacteria.
ChemoChemoautoautotrophtroph ChemicalChemical COCO 22 IronIron--oxidizing bacteria.oxidizing bacteria.
ChemoChemoheterotrophheterotroph ChemicalChemical OrganicOrganic compoundscompounds
Fermentative bacteria.Fermentative bacteria. Animals, protozoa,Animals, protozoa, fungi, bacteria.fungi, bacteria.
A.A. PolysaccharidePolysaccharide
BiosynthesisBiosynthesis
5.12) Anabolism5.12) Anabolism : Metabolic: Metabolic
Pathways of Energy UsePathways of Energy Use
B.B. Lipid BiosynthesisLipid Biosynthesis
Figure 5. Figure 5.29Figure 5.
C.C. Amino Acid and Protein BiosynthesisAmino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis
Anabolism/BiosynthesisAnabolism/Biosynthesis
Figure 5.30ab
D.D. Purine and Pyrimidine BiosynthesisPurine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
AnabolismAnabolism
Figure 5.
Microbial GrowthMicrobial Growth
- • Microbial growthMicrobial growth = increase in= increase in
number of cells, not cell sizenumber of cells, not cell size
A.A. Temperature:Temperature: ((PsychroPsychro--, meso, meso--, thermo, thermo--philesphiles))
- – Minimum growth temperatureMinimum growth temperature
6.1) Requirements6.1) Requirements for Growth:for Growth:
Physical RequirementsPhysical Requirements
- – MinimumMinimum growth temperature growth temperature
- – Optimum growth temperatureOptimum growth temperature
- – Maximum growth temperatureMaximum growth temperature
BB pH:pH: ((acidoacido-- neuteroneutero-- alkaloalkalo--philesphiles))
The Requirements for Growth:The Requirements for Growth:
Physical RequirementsPhysical Requirements
B.B. pH:pH: ((acidoacido--, neutero, neutero--, alkalo, alkalo--philesphiles))
- – Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 & 7.5Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 & 7.
- – Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 & 6Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 & 6
- – Acidophiles grow in acidic environmentsAcidophiles grow in acidic environments
The Requirements for Growth:The Requirements for Growth:
Physical RequirementsPhysical Requirements
C.C. Osmotic Pressure:Osmotic Pressure:
- – Hypertonic environments, increase salt or sugar,Hypertonic environments, increase salt or sugar, cause plasmolysiscause plasmolysisll ll ii
- – Extreme or obligateExtreme or obligate halophileshalophiles require high osmoticrequire high osmotic pressurepressure
- – Facultative halophilesFacultative halophiles tolerate high osmotic pressuretolerate high osmotic pressure
Figure 6.
1.1. Singlet oxygen: OSinglet oxygen: O 22 boosted to a higherboosted to a higher--energyenergy
statestate
2.2. Superoxide free radicals: OSuperoxide free radicals: O 22^ −−
Toxic Forms of OxygenToxic Forms of Oxygen
22
3.3. Peroxide anion: OPeroxide anion: O 22
22 −−
4.4. Hydroxyl radical (Hydroxyl radical ( • • OH)OH)
- • Chemically Defined MediaChemically Defined Media : Exact chemical: Exact chemical
composition is knowncomposition is known
6.3) Culture6.3) Culture MediaMedia
compositioncomposition is known is known
- – “minimal media”“minimal media”
- – many additives formany additives for “fastidious” species“fastidious” species
- • Complex MediaComplex MediaComplexComplex Media Media : Extracts and digests of: Extracts and digests of:: Extracts and digests of Extracts and digests of
yeasts, meat, or plantsyeasts, meat, or plants
- – Nutrient brothNutrient broth
- – Nutrient agarNutrient agar
