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An overview of the evolution of agriculture from slash and burn methods to industrial agriculture, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The document also discusses the potential benefits and drawbacks of industrial agriculture, focusing on human health and environmental issues. The lecture concludes with a discussion on genetic engineering in agriculture and its safety.
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Today’s Outline (^) Announcements ! ! ! ! !
Lecture 23 : Agriculture Fire (Homo erectus) Homo sapiens Agricultural revolution
Industrial revolution
Slash and burn (Swidden) Agriculture
"Slash and burn "Early intensification #Terracing #Rice Farming
"Slash and burn "Early intensification "Industrial agriculture #Mechanization #Fertilize the soil with artificial chemicals #Control pests with biocides
The farm beginning to approximate more closely to a factory. “Agriculture, ancient and modern” (Samuel Copeland 1865 ). "Lack of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus often limits plant growth. #Adding nutrients via fertilizer usually stimulates growth and increases crop yields. #Manure and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are alternative methods of replenishing soil nutrients.
Input Vs. Output
"Spraying
"Resurgence
natural “hide-outs” "Secondary pest outbreaks
"Evolution of resistance
How it functions
"Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) #Contain DNA possessing genes borrowed from unrelated species. "Can produce crops with pest-resistance and wider tolerance levels. "Opponents fear traits could spread to wild varieties, and increased expense would largely hurt smaller farmers. #Estimated that 60% of all processed foods in North America contain transgenic products.
" Environmental and consumer groups have campaigned against “transgenic” organisms. #“Frankenfoods” " U.S. Food and Drug Administration declined to require labeling of foods containing GMO’s. #New varieties are “substantially equivalent” to related traditionally-bred varieties.