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Material Type: Notes; Class: Intro to Sociology; Subject: Sociology; University: Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Term: Fall 2001;
Typology: Study notes
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Introduction to Sociology Biology, Culture and Society: Chapter 5 Instinctual theories. A. Posit that human social behavior is the result of genetic endowments which structure action, rather than environmental factors which condition individuals to behave in particular ways. Genotype. A. Genetic makeups which determine what you could be. B. The genetic given or potential. Phenotype. A. Product of genotype and environmental history which determines what you are. B. The physical reality. Behavioral Genetics. A. Study of how genetic makeup influences social and psychological behaviors.
C. Pagan religions had no "ethical" standards, no rules for how humans were to relate to one another. You pay homage to the Gods and everyone fends for themselves. D. Christian ethical standards demanded care for the sick, while pagans left the sick to die in the streets. E. Christians often survived the epidemic because of basic care (water and soup), thus allowing them to develop immunity to the diseases, so that they would be better able to survive the next epidemic. Russell Thornton's American Indian Holocaust A. In a similar fashion, the biggest impact on native American population occurred because of "virgin soil" epidemics brought by the Spaniards, and not because of systematic genocide.
Intellectual Superiority or Noble Savages? A. The history of human discussions of "modern" life and social order has been fraught with debates over the innate nature of mankind. Are we morally and intellectually superior to beasts, including humans of more simple cultural origins? Or, is modern man inherently fallen from the natural order or life, condemned to an unethical treatment of animals and humans alike? B. Jean-Jacque Rousseau's notion of the "noble savage" posited that in primitive societies there was no need for a social contract, government, or stratification. C. Konrad Lorenz
Socialization and Social Roles Learning Theory. A. Stimulus-Response.
A. Working class parents place a higher value on obedience, cleanliness, neatness and such for the children, whereas middle class parents valued curiosity, happiness, and consideration for others. B. Working class parents want their children to conform to the expectations of others, while middle class parents are more concerned that their children become able to express themselves and be independent in thought and action. C. Working class parents punish children for what they did, while middle class parents were concerned with the child's motives for breaking rules. D. Working class parents tend to have a division of childrearing responsibilities, with mothers taking primary responsibility for supporting the children. Fathers are primarily responsible for punishment. Middle class parents tend to share supportive and punishment tasks. E. The bottom line is that conformity is expected in working class occupations, and free expression is punished. Consequently, working class parents raise their children to conform to external expectations. Middle class occupations require independent thinking, the ability to get along with others, and individual initiative. F. Personality toward conformity versus individuality was seen to be shaped by experiences in the workforce which reward conformist or expressive personality traits.
Socialization and Social Roles Roles and Role Performance A. Another aspect of the tradition of socialization is characterized by role-playing as opposed to role- learning. In this view, socialization is less important than the interaction between role players.
Walt Gove: Age, Gender and Crime:. A. As people get older rates of arrest for all types of crimes drops off. B. Women have lower rates of arrest for nearly all crimes, and very rarely commit some types of violent crime. C. Gove hypothesizes that much criminal activity requires levels of physical strength and energy which only the young possess. D. Hence, body types, particularly the popularised mesomorphic muscular physique, should be related to rates of criminality. D. This is also related to levels of testosterone and other neurotransmitters which drive aggressive responses. Personality Theories of Crime: A. Hans Toch and Leonard Berkowitz have asserted that while generally personality is unrelated to criminal activity, very low self esteem is related to violence. B. Note that the general research literature on the relationship between crime and psychological dispositions goes against the type of employee testing which American companies waste millions of dollars on. Interactionist theories of Violence: A. Luckenbill has posited that the interaction between individuals who have poor interaction skills and "thin skins" results in an escalation of abusive behaviors and often violence. If you don't hit the other person you lose face, and you have no skills which would allow you to save face in a non- violent fashion.
Edwin Sutherland: Differential Association Theory A. Since all behavior (in this theory) is the result of socialization developed through interaction with others, deviant behavior must also result from such attachments. B. Boys become delinquents because they have too many attachments to kids who engage in deviant behavior. Importantly, these deviant kids think that the "deviant" acts are "normal". C. Robert Burgess and Ron Akers: Learning theory and Differential Association.