Understanding Microbiology: Naming, Classifying, and Applications - Prof. Pisula, Lecture notes of Microbiology

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An Invisible World

Chapters 1 & 3

Outline

• Microbes in Our Lives
• Naming and Classifying Microbes
• Survey of Microbes
• A Brief History of Microbiology
• Modern Applications for Microbiology

Normal Intestinal Bacteria

Knowledge of Microorganisms:

• Knowledgeable of microbes humans are able to: - Prevent food spoilage - Prevent disease occurrence - Produce food - Develop medicines
• Led to aseptic techniques
  • prevent contamination in medicine and laboratories

Examples of Nomenclature

• Escherichia coli
  • Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
  • Describes the bacterium's habitat—the large intestine, or colon

Examples of Nomenclature

• Staphylococcus aureus
  • Describes the clustered ( staphylo- ) spherical ( coccus ) cells
  • Describes the gold-colored ( aureus ) colonies

Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Viruses
• Multicellular Animal Parasites

Bacteria

• Prokaryotes
  • ”Prenucleus"
• Single-celled
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Divide via binary fission
• Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

Fungi

• Eukaryotes
  • Distinct nucleus
• Chitin cell walls
• Absorb organic chemicals for energy
• Yeasts are unicellular
• Molds and mushrooms are multicellular
  • Molds consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

Protozoa

• Eukaryotes
• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
• Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)

Viruses

• Acellular
• Consist of DNA or RNA core
• Core is surrounded by a protein coat
• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
• Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
• Inert outside living hosts

Multicellular Animal Parasites

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular animals
• Not strictly microorganisms
• Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths - Some microscopic stages in their life cycles

The First Observations

• 1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or "cells" - Marked the beginning of cell theory: All living things are composed of cells

• 1673: The first LIVING microbes were observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek - "Animalcules" viewed through magnifying lenses

The First Observations