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Lecture Notes Basic Cell Anatomy - Human Biology | BIO 1050, Exams of Human Biology

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Custer; Class: Human Biology; Subject: Biology; University: Cuyahoga Community College District; Term: Spring 2011;

Typology: Exams

2010/2011

Uploaded on 02/16/2011

trevonwallace2010
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BASIC CELL ANATOMY
COMPARTMENTALIZATION - eukaryotic cells containing the following organelles or
components, each with its own structural and functional specialization:
Membranous Canals and Vacuoles
____
Plasma membrane – gate keeper of the cell
Outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in which proteins are
embedded
____
Cytoplasm - Everything inside the plasma membrane cell except the nucleus
____
Nucleus – Location of the cell’s genetic information, DNA – chromatin
____
Ribosomes - “free” or attached to membranes, location of protein synthesis.
____
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of membrane channels to transport molecules
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum - covered with ribosomes; ribosomes synthesize
many different types of proteins
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum – no ribosomes present; synthesize lipids for
secretion or internal use
____
Golgi complex – Packaging Plant - Stacks of membranous sacs that process and
package large molecules like proteins and lipids; also synthesizes carbohydrates
____
Vesicles and Vacuoles - Membranous sacs that store and transport molecules around the
cell
____
Lysosomes – membranous sack containing digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion;
also called suicide sack
Energy-related organelles
____
Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell
Captures the chemical energy from food to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
____
Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll
Captures the sun’s radiant enegy and converts it to ATP
Maintains cells shapes
____
Cytoskeleton - “skeleton” of the cell determines cell shape
Movement
____
Cillia and Flagella – Projections from cells that produce movement of the cell; composed
of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
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BASIC CELL ANATOMY

COMPARTMENTALIZATION - eukaryotic cells containing the following organelles or

components, each with its own structural and functional specialization:

Membranous Canals and Vacuoles

____ Plasma membrane – gate keeper of the cell

Outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in which proteins are

embedded

____ Cytoplasm - Everything inside the plasma membrane cell except the nucleus

____ Nucleus – Location of the cell’s genetic information, DNA – chromatin

____ Ribosomes - “free” or attached to membranes, location of protein synthesis.

____ Endoplasmic reticulum - network of membrane channels to transport molecules

a. rough endoplasmic reticulum - covered with ribosomes; ribosomes synthesize

many different types of proteins

b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum – no ribosomes present; synthesize lipids for

secretion or internal use

____ Golgi complex – Packaging Plant - Stacks of membranous sacs that process and

package large molecules like proteins and lipids; also synthesizes carbohydrates

____ Vesicles and Vacuoles - Membranous sacs that store and transport molecules around the

cell

____ Lysosomes – membranous sack containing digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion;

also called suicide sack

Energy-related organelles

____ Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell

Captures the chemical energy from food to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

____ Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll

Captures the sun’s radiant enegy and converts it to ATP

Maintains cells shapes

____ C ytoskeleton - “skeleton” of the cell determines cell shape

Movement

____ Cillia and Flagella – Projections from cells that produce movement of the cell; composed

of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

I. TYPES OF CELLS

 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells II. ORGANELLES A. PLASMA MEMBRANE

  1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION  Describe the chemical structure of the plasma (cell) membrane using these parts: phospholipid bi- layer, proteins, carbohydrate chains (sugars)  Match the part of the cell membrane that describes has these functions  facilitates transport of materials into and out of cells  cell to cell recognition – “cellular nametags”  separates the external environment from the internal environment  receptors for chemical messengers  enzymes that speed up metabolic reactions  Explain what is meant by - the plasma membrane has liquid like qualities  List the functions of the cell membrane  Explain how the membrane isolates the cell's internal environment from the external
  2. TYPES OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT (Table 3.2 is an excellent summary table)  Describe diffusion, filtration, diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis)  Explain why active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis) requires ATP  What is meant by isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions  Describe what happens when placing a living cell into the following solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic B. OTHER ORGANELLES  Identify the function of the following organelles listed the cell anatomy handout: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cillia and flagella III. ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE CELL A. ORGANELLE INVOLVED IN ENERGY TRANSFER  Why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell  What is the energy carrying molecule called B. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION  Discuss the importance of aerobic cellular respiration  Explain why oxygen is necessary for aerobic cellular respiration to occur  What happens if oxygen is not available for cells  How many ATPs are produced in each: aerobic cellular respiration, fermentation  Where are each of these biproducts of fermentation formed: alcohol, lactic acid  From what you have learned about cellular respiration, where is inhaled O 2 transported to and where is the exhaled CO 2 formed? (Hint - your answer is an organelle)