BASIC CELL ANATOMY
COMPARTMENTALIZATION - eukaryotic cells containing the following organelles or
components, each with its own structural and functional specialization:
Membranous Canals and Vacuoles
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Plasma membrane – gate keeper of the cell
Outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in which proteins are
embedded
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Cytoplasm - Everything inside the plasma membrane cell except the nucleus
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Nucleus – Location of the cell’s genetic information, DNA – chromatin
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Ribosomes - “free” or attached to membranes, location of protein synthesis.
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Endoplasmic reticulum - network of membrane channels to transport molecules
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum - covered with ribosomes; ribosomes synthesize
many different types of proteins
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum – no ribosomes present; synthesize lipids for
secretion or internal use
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Golgi complex – Packaging Plant - Stacks of membranous sacs that process and
package large molecules like proteins and lipids; also synthesizes carbohydrates
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Vesicles and Vacuoles - Membranous sacs that store and transport molecules around the
cell
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Lysosomes – membranous sack containing digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion;
also called suicide sack
Energy-related organelles
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Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell
Captures the chemical energy from food to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll
Captures the sun’s radiant enegy and converts it to ATP
Maintains cells shapes
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Cytoskeleton - “skeleton” of the cell determines cell shape
Movement
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Cillia and Flagella – Projections from cells that produce movement of the cell; composed
of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
