Download Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Systemic Circuit
delivers oxygen to all body cells and carries away wastes TERM 2
Pulmonary Circuit
DEFINITION 2 eliminates carbon dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the blood TERM 3
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
DEFINITION 3 serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid. TERM 4
Myocardium
DEFINITION 4 cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and including capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers TERM 5
Endocardium
DEFINITION 5 membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, including vessels and specialized muscle fibers. forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
Right Atrium
receives blood from the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and coronary sinus TERM 7
Right Ventricle
DEFINITION 7 receives blood from the right atrium TERM 8
Left Atrium
DEFINITION 8 receives blood from pulmonary veins TERM 9
Left Ventricle
DEFINITION 9 receives blood from left atrium TERM 10
Path of Blood Through the Heart
DEFINITION 10
- Blood from systemic circuit 11. Aorta 2. Venae Cavae 12. Blood to systemic 3. Right Atrium (through tricuspid valve) circuit 4. Right Ventricle (through pulmonary valve) 5. Pulmonary Trunk 6. Pulmonary Arteries 7. Alveolar Capillaries (lungs) 8. Pulmonary Veins 9. Left Atrium (through mitral valve) 10. Left Ventricle (through aortic valve)
Mitral Area (Heart Sounds)
5th intercostal space, left of the sternum TERM 17
Cardiac Muscle Fibers form...
DEFINITION 17 a functional syncytium (group of cells that function as a unit) atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium TERM 18
Conduction System
DEFINITION 18
- S-A node (a.k.a. pacemaker) 2. Atrial Syncytium 3. Junctional Fibers (gap junctions allow impulses to flow in heart) 4. A-V node (slows impulses down so atrium has time to contract fully) 5. A-V bundle 6. Bundle branches 7. Purkinje Fibers (speed up impulse so entire ventricle contracts together, allows apex to start contraction first) 8. Ventricular Syncytium TERM 19
Parts of
Electrocardiogram
DEFINITION 19 P Wave - atrial depolarization QRS Wave - ventricular depolarization T Wave - ventricular repolarization TERM 20
Arteries
DEFINITION 20 carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arterioles
receive blood from arteries and carry it to the capillaries TERM 22
Capillaries
DEFINITION 22 -smallest of a body's blood vessels -sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells -extensions of inner lining of arterioles -walls are endothelium only - semipermeable -sinusoids - leaky capillaries TERM 23
Exchange in the
Capillaries
DEFINITION 23 -water and other substances leave capillaries because of net outward pressure at the capillaries' arteriolar ends -water enters capillaries' venular ends because of net inward pressure -substances move in and out along the length of the capillaries according to their respective concetration gradients TERM 24
Venules
DEFINITION 24 -receive deoxygenated blood from the capillaries -thinner wall than arteriole -less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole TERM 25
Veins
DEFINITION 25 -carry blood towards the heart -thinner wall than artery - three layers to wall but middle layer is poorly developed - some have flaplike valves -carries blood under relatively low pressure -serves as blood reservoir Largest amount of blood volume stored is stored in the venous side of the body.
Lubb
first heart sound occurs during ventricular systole A-V valves closing TERM 32
Metarteriole
DEFINITION 32 connects arterioles directly to venule TERM 33
Murmur
DEFINITION 33 abnormal heart sound TERM 34
Osmotic Pressure
DEFINITION 34 amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solutes particles in the solution TERM 35
Precapillary Sphincters
DEFINITION 35 may close a capillary, respond to the needs of the cells, low oxygen and nutrients cause sphincter to relax
Lymphatic System
-network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids -closely associated with the cardiovascular system -transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces -transports fluid to the bloodstream -transports fats to the bloodstream -help defend the body against diseases TERM 37
Lymphatic
Capillaries
DEFINITION 37 -microscopic -closed-ended tubes -in interstitial spaces of most tissues TERM 38
Lymphatic Vessels
DEFINITION 38 -walls are similar but thinner than those of veins -composed of three layers: 1) endothelial lining (inner) 2) smooth muscle (middle) 3) connective tissue (outer) -larger vessels lead to lymph nodes and then to larger lymphatic trunks TERM 39
Right Lymphatic Duct (Collecting Ducts)
DEFINITION 39 drains lymph from the upper right side of the body TERM 40
Thoracic Duct (Collecting Ducts)
DEFINITION 40 drains lymph from the rest of the body
Thymus
-small in an adult -site of T lymphocyte production -secretes thymosins TERM 47
Spleen
DEFINITION 47 -largest lymphatic organ -located in upper left abdominal quadrant -sinuses filled with blood -contains two tissue types: 1) white pulp -lymphocytes 2) red pulp -red blood cells -lymphocytes -macrophages TERM 48
Pathogen
DEFINITION 48 -disease causing agent -bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms, spores of multicellular organisms TERM 49
Innate Defenses
DEFINITION 49 -general defenses -protects against many pathogens TERM 50
Adaptive Defenses
DEFINITION 50 -immunity -more specific -carried out by lymphocytes
T Cells
-secrete lymphokines 1) help activate T cells 2) cause T cell proliferation 3) activate cytotoxic T cells 4) stimulate leukocyte production 5) stimulate B cells to mature 6) activate macrophages -secrete toxins that kill cells -secrete growth-inhibiting factors -secrete interferon -cellular immune response TERM 52
B Cells
DEFINITION 52 -differentiate into plasma cells 1) produce antibodies - humoral immune response TERM 53
T Cells and Cellular Immune Response
DEFINITION 53 -requires antigen-presenting cell -requires MHC antigens - types of T cells 1) helper T cells 2) cytotoxic T cells 3) memory T cells TERM 54
Direct Attack (Antibody Actions)
DEFINITION 54 -agglutination - antigens clump -precipitation - antigens become insoluble -neutralization - antigens lose toxic properties TERM 55
Activation of Complement ~Presence of
antibodies combined with antigens~
(Antibody Actions)
DEFINITION 55 -opsonization - alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis -chemotaxis - attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the region -agglutination - clumping of antigen-bearing cells -lysis - allows rapid movement of water and ions into the foreign cell causing osmotic rupture of the foreign cell -neutralization - altering the molecular structure of viruses making them harmless
