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Definitions and terms related to the structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Topics include the heart chambers, blood circulation, heart sounds, cardiac muscle fibers, electrocardiogram, arteries, capillaries, veins, venous blood flow, central venous pressure, blood pressure, and the lymphatic system. Students of anatomy and physiology will find this information useful for understanding the complex processes involved in the transport of blood and lymph throughout the body.
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delivers oxygen to all body cells and carries away wastes TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 eliminates carbon dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the blood TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid. TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and including capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers. contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, including vessels and specialized muscle fibers. forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
receives blood from the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and coronary sinus TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 receives blood from the right atrium TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 receives blood from pulmonary veins TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 receives blood from left atrium TERM 10
DEFINITION 10
5th intercostal space, left of the sternum TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 a functional syncytium (group of cells that function as a unit) atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium TERM 18
DEFINITION 18
DEFINITION 19 P Wave - atrial depolarization QRS Wave - ventricular depolarization T Wave - ventricular repolarization TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
receive blood from arteries and carry it to the capillaries TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 -smallest of a body's blood vessels -sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells -extensions of inner lining of arterioles -walls are endothelium only - semipermeable -sinusoids - leaky capillaries TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 -water and other substances leave capillaries because of net outward pressure at the capillaries' arteriolar ends -water enters capillaries' venular ends because of net inward pressure -substances move in and out along the length of the capillaries according to their respective concetration gradients TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 -receive deoxygenated blood from the capillaries -thinner wall than arteriole -less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 -carry blood towards the heart -thinner wall than artery - three layers to wall but middle layer is poorly developed - some have flaplike valves -carries blood under relatively low pressure -serves as blood reservoir Largest amount of blood volume stored is stored in the venous side of the body.
first heart sound occurs during ventricular systole A-V valves closing TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 connects arterioles directly to venule TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 abnormal heart sound TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solutes particles in the solution TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 may close a capillary, respond to the needs of the cells, low oxygen and nutrients cause sphincter to relax
-network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids -closely associated with the cardiovascular system -transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces -transports fluid to the bloodstream -transports fats to the bloodstream -help defend the body against diseases TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 -microscopic -closed-ended tubes -in interstitial spaces of most tissues TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 -walls are similar but thinner than those of veins -composed of three layers: 1) endothelial lining (inner) 2) smooth muscle (middle) 3) connective tissue (outer) -larger vessels lead to lymph nodes and then to larger lymphatic trunks TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 drains lymph from the upper right side of the body TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 drains lymph from the rest of the body
-small in an adult -site of T lymphocyte production -secretes thymosins TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 -largest lymphatic organ -located in upper left abdominal quadrant -sinuses filled with blood -contains two tissue types: 1) white pulp -lymphocytes 2) red pulp -red blood cells -lymphocytes -macrophages TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 -disease causing agent -bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms, spores of multicellular organisms TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 -general defenses -protects against many pathogens TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 -immunity -more specific -carried out by lymphocytes
-secrete lymphokines 1) help activate T cells 2) cause T cell proliferation 3) activate cytotoxic T cells 4) stimulate leukocyte production 5) stimulate B cells to mature 6) activate macrophages -secrete toxins that kill cells -secrete growth-inhibiting factors -secrete interferon -cellular immune response TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 -differentiate into plasma cells 1) produce antibodies - humoral immune response TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 -requires antigen-presenting cell -requires MHC antigens - types of T cells 1) helper T cells 2) cytotoxic T cells 3) memory T cells TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 -agglutination - antigens clump -precipitation - antigens become insoluble -neutralization - antigens lose toxic properties TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 -opsonization - alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis -chemotaxis - attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the region -agglutination - clumping of antigen-bearing cells -lysis - allows rapid movement of water and ions into the foreign cell causing osmotic rupture of the foreign cell -neutralization - altering the molecular structure of viruses making them harmless