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What did land plants evolve from?
Green algae
TERM 2
What are the earliest land plant ancestors?
DEFINITION 2
Charophytes
TERM 3
What 4 traits do land plants share with
charophytes?
DEFINITION 3
Rings of cellulose synthesizing complexesPeroxisome
enzymesStructure of flagellated spermFormation of
phragmoplast
TERM 4
What traits evolved that helped green algae
adapt to land?
DEFINITION 4
Lignin- which gives extra strength to plantCuticle- waxy layer
on top of leaves that help prevent water loss
TERM 5
Haploid
DEFINITION 5
1 set of chromosomes
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
TERM 7
Gametophyte
DEFINITION 7
Male/female gamete producing structure that produces
haploid gametes by mitosis
TERM 8
Sporophyte
DEFINITION 8
Diploid spore producing structure that produces haploid
spores by meiosis. Formed by the fusion of gametes =
Zygote/sporophyte
TERM 9
Meiosis
DEFINITION 9
Reduction Division
TERM 10
Meristem
DEFINITION 10
A meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of
undifferentiated cells.
What are the male and female gametangias
called?
Archegonia- Female gametangia, haploid (egg)Antheridia-
Male gametangia, haploid (sperm)
TERM 17
The diploid embryo is formed within the:
DEFINITION 17
female gametophyte
TERM 18
How are nutrients transferred from parent to
embryo?
DEFINITION 18
Through placental transfer cells
TERM 19
Land plants are called _______, because of the
dependancy of the embryo on the parent.
DEFINITION 19
Embryophytes
TERM 20
What are 4 types of embryophytes?
DEFINITION 20
BryophytesPterophytesGymnospermsAngiosperms
What is a non-vascular plant that passes
water cell to cell, requires water for
fertilization, grows low to the ground, and are
seedless?
Bryophytes
TERM 22
What are rhizoids?
DEFINITION 22
Root-like structures that anchor moss
TERM 23
Moss is a:
DEFINITION 23
Bryophyte
TERM 24
In bryophytes, (A) are more dominant, larger
and longer living than (B).
DEFINITION 24
A. GametophytesB. Sporophytes
TERM 25
Archegonia is:
DEFINITION 25
The female Gametangia
Vascular tissue allows plants
to:
grow tall
TERM 32
Seedless vascular plants are characterized
by:
DEFINITION 32
life cycles withdominantsporocytes
TERM 33
Flagellated
sperm
DEFINITION 33
a characteristic of seedless vascular plants that requires
water for the sperm to reach the egg
TERM 34
What else do vascular plants have that non
vascular plants do not?
DEFINITION 34
Well developed roots
TERM 35
A fern is a:
DEFINITION 35
Pterophyte
What is each fern leaf called?
A frond
TERM 37
Sporangia are aggregated on the fronds in
groups called:
DEFINITION 37
Sori
TERM 38
What happens when the sporangia matures?
DEFINITION 38
When sporangia matures it opens and expels dust-like spores
TERM 39
Spores develop into:
DEFINITION 39
Prothallus
TERM 40
Prothallus
DEFINITION 40
The gametophyte of pterophyte (Ferns)
What two types of spores do heterosporous
species produce?
MicrosporesMegaspores
TERM 47
Microspores
DEFINITION 47
Give rise to male gametes
TERM 48
Megaspores
DEFINITION 48
Give rise to female gametes
TERM 49
What may have helped produce global
cooling at the end of the carboniferous
period?
DEFINITION 49
Photosynthesis
TERM 50
With the increase of photosynthesis, what
was reduced?
DEFINITION 50
CO
What did the decaying plants of the
carboniferous forests eventually become?
Coal
TERM 52
What does a seed consist of?
DEFINITION 52
An embryo and nutrientssurroundedby a protective coat.
TERM 53
True or False: Seed plants have a greater
development of the diploid sporophyte
compared to the haploid gametophyte
generation.
DEFINITION 53
True
TERM 54
What primary change happened as plants
evolved from Bryophytes to Angiosperms?
DEFINITION 54
Transition of dominance from gametophyte to sporophyte.
TERM 55
Bryophytes and Ferns are:
DEFINITION 55
Homosporous
At the end of the Carboniferous period the
climate turned colder and drier favoring the
evolution of:
Gymnosperms
TERM 62
What are two descendants of
gymnosperms?
DEFINITION 62
Conifers and cone bearing plants
TERM 63
What has naked seeds that are not enclosed
by ovaries?
DEFINITION 63
Gymnosperms
TERM 64
Do gymnosperms have pollen?
DEFINITION 64
Yes
TERM 65
What are key features of the gymnosperms
life cycle?
DEFINITION 65
Dominance of the sporophyte generation
Transfer of sperm to ovulesby pollen
Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
In gymnosperms the pine tree is the (A) and
produces (B) in male and female cones.
A. sporophyte B. Sporangia
TERM 67
Small cones produce (A) called pollen grains,
each of which contains a (B).
DEFINITION 67
A. MicrosporesB. Male gametophyte
TERM 68
Larger cones contain (A) which produce (B)
that develop into (C).
DEFINITION 68
A. OvulesB. MegasporesC. female gametophyte
TERM 69
How many years from cone production to
mature seed?
DEFINITION 69
3 years
TERM 70
A pine tree is actually a (A) with tiny (B) living
in cones.
DEFINITION 70
A. SporophyteB. Gametophytes
Carpel
Female reproductive organs of a flower consisting of ovary at
the base and a style leading up to a stigma where pollen is
recieved.
TERM 77
Pollen grains are released
by:
DEFINITION 77
Anthers
TERM 78
Male gametophyte of angiosperms are
contained within (A) produced by the (B)
DEFINITION 78
A. Pollen GrainsB. microsporangia of anthers
TERM 79
The female gametophyte, or (A), develops
within an (B) contained within an (C) at the
base of the stigma.
DEFINITION 79
A. embryo sacB. ovuleC. Ovary
TERM 80
Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure (A)
between flowers from different plants of the
same species.
DEFINITION 80
Cross-pollination
A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma
germinates and the pollen tube of the (A)
grows down to the (B).
A. male gametophyte B. ovary
TERM 82
Double fertilization occurs
when
DEFINITION 82
The pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female
gametophyte within an ovule, and one sperm fertilizes the
egg while the other combines with two nuclei in the central
cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of
food-endosperm
TERM 83
Endosperm
DEFINITION 83
Nourishes the developting embryo
TERM 84
Within a seed the embryo consists of:
DEFINITION 84
a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons
TERM 85
Fruit
DEFINITION 85
Typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include
other flower parts. Fruits protect seeds and aid in their
dispersal.
Single-celled fungus includes:
yeasts
TERM 92
Multicellular fungus includes:
DEFINITION 92
Mold and mushrooms
TERM 93
Fungus are:
DEFINITION 93
Chemoheterotrophs that aren't photosynthetic and aquire
nutrients from outside the body by absorption.
TERM 94
What does fungus use to breakdown complex
molecules into organic compounds?
DEFINITION 94
hydrolytic enzymes
TERM 95
How does fungus store food?
DEFINITION 95
As glycogen
Fungus are saprobic, which means:
They display external digestion
TERM 97
Cells of fungus are bound by cell walls made
of:
DEFINITION 97
chitin
TERM 98
The anatomy of fungi consists of:
DEFINITION 98
mycelia networks of branched hyphae adapted for
absorption.
TERM 99
The mycelium structure:
DEFINITION 99
maximizes the fungis' surface area to volume ratio.
TERM 100
The hyphae are a fungi's:
DEFINITION 100
reproductive structure
