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Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life: Stages, Self-Assembly, and Prokaryotes, Quizzes of Biology

Definitions and terms related to the chemical evolution process, the origin of self-replicating molecules, and the hypothesis of endosymbiosis. It covers stages of chemical evolution, self-assembly of phospholipids, and the origins of prokaryotes and organelles. It also includes fill-in-the-blank questions.

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 04/01/2013

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TERM 1
What was there very little of on Earth 3.4-4.0
billion years ago?
DEFINITION 1
Oxygen
TERM 2
What was highly available on Earth 3.5-4.0
billion years ago?
DEFINITION 2
Hydrogen atoms
TERM 3
What was the atmosphere of Earth rich in 3.5-
4.0 billion years ago?
DEFINITION 3
CO2 NH3N2 CH4H2OH2H2S
TERM 4
What does most experimental evidence point
to in how Earth evolved?
DEFINITION 4
By a process called chemical evolution
TERM 5
Chemical self-assembly has lead to complex
self replicating chemical systems. This is
known as?
DEFINITION 5
Chemical Evolution
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What was there very little of on Earth 3.4-4.

billion years ago?

Oxygen

TERM 2

What was highly available on Earth 3.5-4.

billion years ago?

DEFINITION 2

Hydrogen atoms

TERM 3

What was the atmosphere of Earth rich in 3.5-

4.0 billion years ago?

DEFINITION 3

CO2 NH3N2 CH4H2OH2H2S

TERM 4

What does most experimental evidence point

to in how Earth evolved?

DEFINITION 4

By a process called chemical evolution

TERM 5

Chemical self-assembly has lead to complex

self replicating chemical systems. This is

known as?

DEFINITION 5

Chemical Evolution

What are the four main stages in the chemical

evolution process?

1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)2.

The joining of monomers into polymers.3. The packaging of

these molecules into protobionts4. The origin of self-

replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance

possible (DNA and RNA)

TERM 7

What is stage 1 of the chemical evolution

process?

DEFINITION 7

Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)

TERM 8

What is stage 2 of the chemical evolution

process?

DEFINITION 8

Joining of monymers into polymers

TERM 9

What is stage 3 of the chemical evolution

process?

DEFINITION 9

The packaging of these molecules into protobionts.

TERM 10

What is stage 4 of the chemical evolution

process?

DEFINITION 10

The origin of self replicating molecules.

What did the oxygen revolution do for the

evolution of Earth 2.2-2.7 billion years ago?

Provided an opportunity to gain energy from

lightAllowedorganismsto exploit new ecosystems

TERM 17

Serial Endosymbiosis

DEFINITION 17

Supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through

a sequence of endosymbiotic events.

TERM 18

Fill in the blanks:

DEFINITION 18

A. Prokaryotes F. Permian mass extinctionB. Atmospheric

oxygen G. AnimalsC. Single-celled eukaryotes H.

Colonization of land K. Cretaceous Mass Extinction D.

Multicellular eukaryotes I. HumansE. Cambrien Explosion

J.Origin of mammals

TERM 19

What is the cambrian explosion?

DEFINITION 19

The rapid diversification of multicellular animal life that took

place around the beginning of theCambrianperiod.

TERM 20

What are 4 main causes of the Cambrian

explosion?

DEFINITION 20

1. Increased oxygen content of seawater.2. Origin of hard

parts (shells and mineralized exoskeletons)3. The evolution

of eyes

What were the two biggest extinction events?

ThePermianmass extinction

TERM 22

Which mass extinction defines the boundary

between the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic era,

and was caused by volcanism that led

ultimately to the decrease in oceanic oxygen.

DEFINITION 22

ThePermian mass extinction

TERM 23

Which mass extinction defines the boundary

between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic era, and

was caused by a meteorite impact.

DEFINITION 23

The cretaceous mass extinction

TERM 24

What are the 3 most common shapes of

prokaryotes (bacteria)?

DEFINITION 24

1. Spheres (cocci)2. Rods (Bacilli)3. Spirals

TERM 25

What are fimbriae?

DEFINITION 25

Hairlike appendages that help cells adhere to other cells or

to a substrate?

What does the cell wall of bacteria contain?

peptidoglycan

TERM 32

What do many antibiotics target?

DEFINITION 32

peptidoglycan, thus damaging cell walls.

TERM 33

What color do gram-positive bacteria turn

when stained?

DEFINITION 33

Purple-black

TERM 34

What color do gram-negative bacteria turn

when stained?

DEFINITION 34

Pink

TERM 35

Gram + bacteria have:

DEFINITION 35

More peptidoglycan that trap crystal violet stain, and simpler

walls.

Gram - bacteria have:

Due to the fewer amount of peptidoglycan the crystal violet

stain is easily washed away, leaving behind a red

dye.Complex walls

TERM 37

Which type of bacteria are more pathogenic

and thus resistant to antibiotics?

DEFINITION 37

Gram-negative

TERM 38

What is the primary function of capsules?

DEFINITION 38

Prevent dehydration

TERM 39

What structure is longer than fimbriae and

allows prokaryotes to exchange DNA?

DEFINITION 39

Sex pilus

TERM 40

What is required for the production of a sex

pili?

DEFINITION 40

F-Factor (fertility factor)

What can prokaryotes form that remain viable

in harsh conditions?

endospores

TERM 47

How are endospores killed?

DEFINITION 47

By heating lab equipment up to 121 degrees c.

TERM 48

What can be a potential weapon of

bioterrorism?

DEFINITION 48

bacillus anthracis (endospore)

TERM 49

How do bacteria cells divide?

DEFINITION 49

binary fission

TERM 50

Under deal conditions bacteria can reproduce

at an _____ rate.

DEFINITION 50

exponential

Prokaryote reproduction can be limited by:

lack of nutrient supplypoisoning themselves with metabolic

waste

TERM 52

What are the phases of bacterial

growth?

DEFINITION 52

Lag phaseLog phase/exponential growth phaseStationary

phaseDeath phase

TERM 53

What happens to bacteria in the lag phase?

DEFINITION 53

They adapt to nutrients

TERM 54

What happens to bacteria in the

log/exponential growth phase?

DEFINITION 54

Active growth

TERM 55

What happens to bacteria in the stationary

phase?

DEFINITION 55

Death and growth rate are equal

Which type of genetic recombination involves

the bacterial cell directly transferring a

plasmid or chromosomal DNA to another cell

via mating bridge that temporarily connects

the 2 cells?

Conjugation

TERM 62

F-Factor is

DEFINITION 62

25 genes required for the formation of a sex pili

TERM 63

What is a Bacteriophage?

DEFINITION 63

In transduction, a virus known as a bacteriophage, carries

genes from one bacteria to another.

TERM 64

Cells containing the F factor function as

(A); while cells without the F factor

function as (B).

DEFINITION 64

A. DNA DonorsB. DNA recipients

TERM 65

R plasmids

DEFINITION 65

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance genes

from one bacterium to another via conjugation.

Prokaryotes can be classified by:

how they obtain energy and carbon

TERM 67

What are the 4 different classifications of

prokaryotes?

DEFINITION 67

PhototrophsChemotrophsAutotrophs

TERM 68

Phototrophs

DEFINITION 68

Obtain energy from light

TERM 69

Heterotrophs

DEFINITION 69

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

TERM 70

Obligate anaerobes

DEFINITION 70

Are poisoned by O2, and use fermentation or anaerobic

respiration

What is an example of a biofilm?

Plaque on the teeth

TERM 77

Archaea is a domain of prokaryotes that:

DEFINITION 77

Shares certain traits with bacteria and other traits with

eukaryotes

TERM 78

Halophilic bacteria

DEFINITION 78

Salt tolerant bacteria, found in extremely high salinity

environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.

TERM 79

Thermophilic bacteria

DEFINITION 79

Heat tolerant bacteria found in deep sea hydrothermal

events

TERM 80

Methanogens

DEFINITION 80

Strict anaerobic bacteria found in swamps and marshes, and

are used as decomposers in sewage treatment plants

What is the only living characteristic of

viruses?

Itpossessesgenetic material

TERM 82

Capsid

DEFINITION 82

The inner glycoprotein shell that encloses the viral genome

of a virus.

TERM 83

Envelope

DEFINITION 83

Not found in all viruses, the outer coat of the virus, found

around the capsid.

TERM 84

Capsids are built

from:

DEFINITION 84

Protein subunits called capsomeres

TERM 85

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

meaning:

DEFINITION 85

they can reproduce only within a host cell

What are restriction

enzymes?

A defense of bacteria against bacteriophages.

TERM 92

Lysogenic cycle:

DEFINITION 92

A method of viral reproduction where the bacteriophage DNA

inserts into the bacterial chromosome and the bacterium

reproduces normally copying the phage at each cell division.

Can go into lytic cycle at anytime and leave the bacterium

cell.

TERM 93

The integrated viral DNA into the bacterial

chromosome is known as

DEFINITION 93

prophage

TERM 94

Bacteriophages that use both the lytic and

lysogenic cycles are called:

DEFINITION 94

temperate phages

TERM 95

Retrovirus

DEFINITION 95

An RNA virus that reproduces inside a host cell by means of a

DNA molecule.

What do retroviruses use to copy their RNA

genome into DNA?

Reverse transcriptase (Enzyme)

TERM 97

Viral infections cannot be treated by:

DEFINITION 97

antibiotics

TERM 98

Vaccines

DEFINITION 98

Harmless derivative of pathogenic microbes that stimulate

the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful

pathogen.

TERM 99

Antivirals

DEFINITION 99

Can help to treat, but not cure, viral infections

TERM 100

Two classes of pathogens that are smaller

than viruses are:

DEFINITION 100

ViroidsPrions