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What was there very little of on Earth 3.4-4.
billion years ago?
Oxygen
TERM 2
What was highly available on Earth 3.5-4.
billion years ago?
DEFINITION 2
Hydrogen atoms
TERM 3
What was the atmosphere of Earth rich in 3.5-
4.0 billion years ago?
DEFINITION 3
CO2 NH3N2 CH4H2OH2H2S
TERM 4
What does most experimental evidence point
to in how Earth evolved?
DEFINITION 4
By a process called chemical evolution
TERM 5
Chemical self-assembly has lead to complex
self replicating chemical systems. This is
known as?
DEFINITION 5
Chemical Evolution
What are the four main stages in the chemical
evolution process?
1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)2.
The joining of monomers into polymers.3. The packaging of
these molecules into protobionts4. The origin of self-
replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance
possible (DNA and RNA)
TERM 7
What is stage 1 of the chemical evolution
process?
DEFINITION 7
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)
TERM 8
What is stage 2 of the chemical evolution
process?
DEFINITION 8
Joining of monymers into polymers
TERM 9
What is stage 3 of the chemical evolution
process?
DEFINITION 9
The packaging of these molecules into protobionts.
TERM 10
What is stage 4 of the chemical evolution
process?
DEFINITION 10
The origin of self replicating molecules.
What did the oxygen revolution do for the
evolution of Earth 2.2-2.7 billion years ago?
Provided an opportunity to gain energy from
lightAllowedorganismsto exploit new ecosystems
TERM 17
Serial Endosymbiosis
DEFINITION 17
Supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through
a sequence of endosymbiotic events.
TERM 18
Fill in the blanks:
DEFINITION 18
A. Prokaryotes F. Permian mass extinctionB. Atmospheric
oxygen G. AnimalsC. Single-celled eukaryotes H.
Colonization of land K. Cretaceous Mass Extinction D.
Multicellular eukaryotes I. HumansE. Cambrien Explosion
J.Origin of mammals
TERM 19
What is the cambrian explosion?
DEFINITION 19
The rapid diversification of multicellular animal life that took
place around the beginning of theCambrianperiod.
TERM 20
What are 4 main causes of the Cambrian
explosion?
DEFINITION 20
1. Increased oxygen content of seawater.2. Origin of hard
parts (shells and mineralized exoskeletons)3. The evolution
of eyes
What were the two biggest extinction events?
ThePermianmass extinction
TERM 22
Which mass extinction defines the boundary
between the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic era,
and was caused by volcanism that led
ultimately to the decrease in oceanic oxygen.
DEFINITION 22
ThePermian mass extinction
TERM 23
Which mass extinction defines the boundary
between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic era, and
was caused by a meteorite impact.
DEFINITION 23
The cretaceous mass extinction
TERM 24
What are the 3 most common shapes of
prokaryotes (bacteria)?
DEFINITION 24
1. Spheres (cocci)2. Rods (Bacilli)3. Spirals
TERM 25
What are fimbriae?
DEFINITION 25
Hairlike appendages that help cells adhere to other cells or
to a substrate?
What does the cell wall of bacteria contain?
peptidoglycan
TERM 32
What do many antibiotics target?
DEFINITION 32
peptidoglycan, thus damaging cell walls.
TERM 33
What color do gram-positive bacteria turn
when stained?
DEFINITION 33
Purple-black
TERM 34
What color do gram-negative bacteria turn
when stained?
DEFINITION 34
Pink
TERM 35
Gram + bacteria have:
DEFINITION 35
More peptidoglycan that trap crystal violet stain, and simpler
walls.
Gram - bacteria have:
Due to the fewer amount of peptidoglycan the crystal violet
stain is easily washed away, leaving behind a red
dye.Complex walls
TERM 37
Which type of bacteria are more pathogenic
and thus resistant to antibiotics?
DEFINITION 37
Gram-negative
TERM 38
What is the primary function of capsules?
DEFINITION 38
Prevent dehydration
TERM 39
What structure is longer than fimbriae and
allows prokaryotes to exchange DNA?
DEFINITION 39
Sex pilus
TERM 40
What is required for the production of a sex
pili?
DEFINITION 40
F-Factor (fertility factor)
What can prokaryotes form that remain viable
in harsh conditions?
endospores
TERM 47
How are endospores killed?
DEFINITION 47
By heating lab equipment up to 121 degrees c.
TERM 48
What can be a potential weapon of
bioterrorism?
DEFINITION 48
bacillus anthracis (endospore)
TERM 49
How do bacteria cells divide?
DEFINITION 49
binary fission
TERM 50
Under deal conditions bacteria can reproduce
at an _____ rate.
DEFINITION 50
exponential
Prokaryote reproduction can be limited by:
lack of nutrient supplypoisoning themselves with metabolic
waste
TERM 52
What are the phases of bacterial
growth?
DEFINITION 52
Lag phaseLog phase/exponential growth phaseStationary
phaseDeath phase
TERM 53
What happens to bacteria in the lag phase?
DEFINITION 53
They adapt to nutrients
TERM 54
What happens to bacteria in the
log/exponential growth phase?
DEFINITION 54
Active growth
TERM 55
What happens to bacteria in the stationary
phase?
DEFINITION 55
Death and growth rate are equal
Which type of genetic recombination involves
the bacterial cell directly transferring a
plasmid or chromosomal DNA to another cell
via mating bridge that temporarily connects
the 2 cells?
Conjugation
TERM 62
F-Factor is
DEFINITION 62
25 genes required for the formation of a sex pili
TERM 63
What is a Bacteriophage?
DEFINITION 63
In transduction, a virus known as a bacteriophage, carries
genes from one bacteria to another.
TERM 64
Cells containing the F factor function as
(A); while cells without the F factor
function as (B).
DEFINITION 64
A. DNA DonorsB. DNA recipients
TERM 65
R plasmids
DEFINITION 65
A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance genes
from one bacterium to another via conjugation.
Prokaryotes can be classified by:
how they obtain energy and carbon
TERM 67
What are the 4 different classifications of
prokaryotes?
DEFINITION 67
PhototrophsChemotrophsAutotrophs
TERM 68
Phototrophs
DEFINITION 68
Obtain energy from light
TERM 69
Heterotrophs
DEFINITION 69
Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds
TERM 70
Obligate anaerobes
DEFINITION 70
Are poisoned by O2, and use fermentation or anaerobic
respiration
What is an example of a biofilm?
Plaque on the teeth
TERM 77
Archaea is a domain of prokaryotes that:
DEFINITION 77
Shares certain traits with bacteria and other traits with
eukaryotes
TERM 78
Halophilic bacteria
DEFINITION 78
Salt tolerant bacteria, found in extremely high salinity
environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.
TERM 79
Thermophilic bacteria
DEFINITION 79
Heat tolerant bacteria found in deep sea hydrothermal
events
TERM 80
Methanogens
DEFINITION 80
Strict anaerobic bacteria found in swamps and marshes, and
are used as decomposers in sewage treatment plants
What is the only living characteristic of
viruses?
Itpossessesgenetic material
TERM 82
Capsid
DEFINITION 82
The inner glycoprotein shell that encloses the viral genome
of a virus.
TERM 83
Envelope
DEFINITION 83
Not found in all viruses, the outer coat of the virus, found
around the capsid.
TERM 84
Capsids are built
from:
DEFINITION 84
Protein subunits called capsomeres
TERM 85
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
meaning:
DEFINITION 85
they can reproduce only within a host cell
What are restriction
enzymes?
A defense of bacteria against bacteriophages.
TERM 92
Lysogenic cycle:
DEFINITION 92
A method of viral reproduction where the bacteriophage DNA
inserts into the bacterial chromosome and the bacterium
reproduces normally copying the phage at each cell division.
Can go into lytic cycle at anytime and leave the bacterium
cell.
TERM 93
The integrated viral DNA into the bacterial
chromosome is known as
DEFINITION 93
prophage
TERM 94
Bacteriophages that use both the lytic and
lysogenic cycles are called:
DEFINITION 94
temperate phages
TERM 95
Retrovirus
DEFINITION 95
An RNA virus that reproduces inside a host cell by means of a
DNA molecule.
What do retroviruses use to copy their RNA
genome into DNA?
Reverse transcriptase (Enzyme)
TERM 97
Viral infections cannot be treated by:
DEFINITION 97
antibiotics
TERM 98
Vaccines
DEFINITION 98
Harmless derivative of pathogenic microbes that stimulate
the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful
pathogen.
TERM 99
Antivirals
DEFINITION 99
Can help to treat, but not cure, viral infections
TERM 100
Two classes of pathogens that are smaller
than viruses are:
DEFINITION 100
ViroidsPrions
