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Comparing the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton in Bony and Cartilaginous Fish, Study notes of Anatomy

Northwestern Health Sciences UniversityAnatomy

An in-depth analysis of the axial and appendicular skeleton in bony and cartilaginous fish. It covers the differences between these two types of fish, including the composition of the axial skeleton, the structure of the appendicular skeleton, and the various types and modifications of fins. Students of biology, particularly those focusing on fish anatomy, will find this document useful for understanding the unique features of different fish classes.

What you will learn

  • How does the appendicular skeleton differ between bony and cartilaginous fish?
  • How do the pelvic fins differ between plesiomorphic and apomorphic forms of fish?
  • What are the main differences between the pectoral fins of different fish classes?
  • What is the difference between the axial skeleton of bony and cartilaginous fish?
  • What are the different types of caudal fins and how do they differ in function?

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Lecture 3 –The axial and appendicular skeleton
•The vertebral column, cranium, jaw, ribs, and
intramuscular bones comprise the skeleton.
•Jaws and cranium will be covered later in the course
SKELETON:
–gives structure
–provides protection
–assists in leverage
–site of red blood cell production.
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Download Comparing the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton in Bony and Cartilaginous Fish and more Study notes Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!

Lecture 3 – The axial and appendicular skeleton

  • The vertebral column, cranium, jaw, ribs, and

intramuscular bones comprise the skeleton.

  • Jaws and cranium will be covered later in the course SKELETON:
    • gives structure
    • provides protection
    • assists in leverage
    • site of red blood cell production.

So, what are the differences between bony fishes

(the CLASSES Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii) and

the cartilaginous fishes (the CLASS Chondrichythyes).

Axial skeleton (protects body organs)

  • Also known as vertebral column
  • Either cartilage (Chondricthyes and coelacanths) or bone (Actinopterygii + other Sarcopterygii)
  • Coelacanth – Latimeria has an unsegmented oil-filled hollow tube (hence coelom=cavity (a)canth=spine)

Appendicular skeleton (primarily associated with locomotion)

  • These are the fins and are conspicuous. Two groups – paired and unpaired (median)
  • Supported and stiffened by:
    • lepidotrichia in bony fishes (originally from scales)
    • ceratotrichia in cartilaginous fishes
  • Rays- rays are soft and segmented constructed by elements one on top of each other- catfishes and carps have hardened modified rays that are spine- like.
  • Spines – are derived from rays and are solid.

Paired fins Each supported by a girdle (arms and legs analogy)

  • Derived fish have lost the mesocoracoid bone that holds the fins in a low oblique position and the pectoral girdle is formed from the cleithrum and scapula and coracoid which join ventrally
  • fins attached to scapula via radials

Other types of pectoral fins

  • birchirs (SUBCLASS Chondrostei) have a lobate base called a bracyptherygium
  • The CLASS Sarcopterygii have lobate fins of a completely different structure and are simply modified pectorals without radials

Pelvic fins (overheads)

  • also known as ventrals
  • smaller than pectorals
  • restricted in function
  • Plesiomorphic forms are situated posteriorly on body (eg sharks, catfishes)
  • Apomorphic forms are anteriorly situated on body (eg cichlids)

Pelvic fins

  • Thoracic, abdominal and jugular in position
  • Girdle is comprised of basipterygium and then radials and fins

2. Median fins

  • Dorsal or ventral and include “tail fin” – can be continuous in eels
  • Dorsal and anal – spines and rays
  • a. Dorsal fin(s)
  • Supported by pterygiophores
  • Modified: sucking in remoras (overhead)

b. Anal fin(s)

  • Lacking in most chondrichthyians
  • Normally found just posterior to the anus
  • Supported by pterygiophores
  • Modified: gonopodia in Cyprinodontidae

c. Caudal Fins (overhead)

  • Heterocercal – vertebral column extends into the upper lobe of the tail. Eg. Bowfins – Amiidae have an intermediate abbreviate heterocercal caudal fin.
  • Protocercal – undifferentiated caudal fin, vertebae extends to the posterior end of the fish.
  • Diphycercal – similar to protocercal, dorsal and anal fins joined with caudal fin at the posterior part of the fish. This is thought to be a derived character
  • Homocercal – hypural bones support most of the branched fin rays. Epural bones turn upward and support the upper procurrent rays.
  • Gephyrocercal – caudal fin can be 2 o^ lost – sunfishes (Molidae)

c. Caudal fins

  • Variety of sizes and shapes
  • Swimming habits can be deduced from shape (fast = forked/lunate)