Lecture 3 Macrobiology, Lecture notes of Biology

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Bacteria and Archaea

Ch 27

Microbes

Gram positive and negative bacteria

Bacterial Extracellular Elements

Bacterial DNA

Bacterial Mutations and Adaptation

• (^) E. coli – 1x

chances of

mutation in a particular gene

• (^) But 2x 10 new E. coli per day in one person
• (^) 2000 mutations in that gene per day
• 4300 total genes
• (^) Experiment – low glucose

environment

• (^) 5000 generations = 2 years

Transduction

Conjugation

Biofilms

Prokaryotic Phylogeny

Bacteria: Proteobacteria 2

• (^) Gamma: Autotrophic sulfur

bacteria, heterotrophs

• (^) Thiomargarita namibiensis, Legionella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli
• (^) Delta: Myxobacteria (slime

secreting), bdellovibrios

(predators)

• (^) Epsilon: Mostly pathogenic
  • (^) Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori

Bacteria

• (^) Chlamydias: survive only within animal cells - (^) Chlamydia trachomatis
• (^) Spirochetes: helical, spinning movement - Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi
• Cyanobacteria: perform photosynthesis
• (^) Gram-positive bacteria: highly diverse
  • (^) Actinomycetes , Streptomyces , Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus , mycoplasmas

Prokaryotes and

Ecology

• (^) Decomposers
• (^) Symbiotes
  • (^) Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • (^) Parasites
  • (^) Pathogens

Pathogenic bacteria

• (^) Exotoxins
• (^) Endotoxins
  • (^) Gram negative only