F W Schroeder ‘
04 L 2 - Basics of
Prospecting
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Lecture 2
Lecture 2
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Seismic reflection is a method of exploration geophysics that provides information about the sub-surface structure of the seafloor. The general principle involves sending artificially generated acoustic waves down the water column and into the seafloor, where the different structures and objects within the Earth's crust reflect this energy back according to their acoustic impedance.
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F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
Lecture 2 Lecture 2
F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
The Basic Exploration Questions
Exploration’s Ultimate Goal is to Answer
Four Questions:
• Where to
Drill?
Location & Depth
• What to
Expect?
HC Volumes
• How Certain? Chance of Success
(Risk)
• How
Profitable?
Economics
F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
The Kitchen
- (^) Source
- (^) Organic-Rich Rocks, usually shales
- (^) Temperature & Pressure Conditions that
Result in Oil & Gas Generation
A “Kitchen” Where Organic Material Is Cooked
F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
The Container
- (^) Reservoir
- (^) Porous & Permeable Rock Suitable for
Production
- (^) Most Commonly Sandstones & Carbonates
- (^) Trap
- (^) 3-D Configuration that “Pools” the Oil &
Gas
- (^) Structural and/or Stratigraphic Traps
- (^) Seal
- Rocks that Prevents Leakage from the Trap
- (^) Most Commonly Shales and Evaporites
- (^) Top Seals & Lateral Seals A “Container” From Which Oil & Gas Can Be Produced
F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
Petroleum System Elements
Oil & Gas Generation Window Gas Generation Window Depth (km) Source Reservoir Trap & Seal Migration Gas & Oil No More HC Generation
F W Schroeder ‘ Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 2 - Basics of
Other Important Components
- (^) Timing
- (^) Did the Trap form before HC Migration began?
- (^) Fill & Spill
- (^) Has HC Generation Exceeded Trap Volume?
- (^) Has there been Spillage from Trap to Trap?
- (^) Where is the Oil?
- (^) Preservation
- (^) Has Oil been degraded in the reservoir - thermal