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Classification of Life and Evolution: From Aristotle to Darwin, Lecture notes of Biology

The historical development of ideas about the classification of living organisms and the concept of evolution. Topics include Aristotle's fixed species, Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature, fossils and geology, Lamarck's living changes, and Darwin's theory of descent with modification and natural selection. Key concepts include natural selection, adaptations, homology, convergent evolution, and transitional fossils.

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 08/13/2020

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Descent with

Modification

Chapter 22

Classification of Unchanging Life

  • (^) What sorts of living things are there?
  • (^) Aristotle: species are fixed
    • (^) Scala naturae
  • (^) Various: Species seem well-adapted to their environment
    • (^) Proof of divine, purposeful creation
  • (^) Carolus Linnaeus (1750s): Binomial nomenclature (and index cards)
    • (^) Popularized, but not his idea

Life Changes

  • (^) Lamarck (1809): living things change and pass these changes on to offspring - (^) Not a new idea, but first to propose a mechanism - (^) Incorrect, but still credit where credit is due

Charles Darwin and the Beagle

Darwin’s Idea

  • (^) Descent with modification (based on others’ work) – differences accumulate from generation to generation - (^) How does the change accumulate, and why does it happen?
  • (^) Natural selection occurs when organisms adapt to their environment as they expand their range - (^) Organisms with certain traits tend to survive and reproduce better because of those traits (adaptations)

Darwin’s Context

Natural and Artificial Selection

Darwin’s Two Observations

Variation and overproduction of offspring

Natural Selection in Action

Homology

  • (^) Similarity resulting from descent from a common ancestor
  • (^) Anatomical, but also genetic
  • (^) Vestigial structures

Convergent Evolution

Transitional Fossils

Key Terms

  • (^) Natural selection
  • (^) Adaptations
  • (^) Artificial selection
  • (^) Homology
  • (^) Convergent evolution
    • (^) Analogy
  • (^) Transitional fossils
  • (^) Biogeography