Descent with
Modification
Chapter 22
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Classification of Life and Evolution: From Aristotle to Darwin, Lecture notes of Biology
The historical development of ideas about the classification of living organisms and the concept of evolution. Topics include Aristotle's fixed species, Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature, fossils and geology, Lamarck's living changes, and Darwin's theory of descent with modification and natural selection. Key concepts include natural selection, adaptations, homology, convergent evolution, and transitional fossils.
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Descent with
Modification
Chapter 22
Classification of Unchanging Life
- (^) What sorts of living things are there?
- (^) Aristotle: species are fixed
- (^) Scala naturae
- (^) Various: Species seem well-adapted to their environment
- (^) Proof of divine, purposeful creation
- (^) Carolus Linnaeus (1750s): Binomial nomenclature (and index cards)
- (^) Popularized, but not his idea
Life Changes
- (^) Lamarck (1809): living things change and pass these changes on to offspring - (^) Not a new idea, but first to propose a mechanism - (^) Incorrect, but still credit where credit is due
Charles Darwin and the Beagle
Darwin’s Idea
- (^) Descent with modification (based on others’ work) – differences accumulate from generation to generation - (^) How does the change accumulate, and why does it happen?
- (^) Natural selection occurs when organisms adapt to their environment as they expand their range - (^) Organisms with certain traits tend to survive and reproduce better because of those traits (adaptations)
Darwin’s Context
Natural and Artificial Selection
Darwin’s Two Observations
Variation and overproduction of offspring
Natural Selection in Action
Homology
- (^) Similarity resulting from descent from a common ancestor
- (^) Anatomical, but also genetic
- (^) Vestigial structures
Convergent Evolution
Transitional Fossils
Key Terms
- (^) Natural selection
- (^) Adaptations
- (^) Artificial selection
- (^) Homology
- (^) Convergent evolution
- (^) Analogy
- (^) Transitional fossils
- (^) Biogeography