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CIVIL PROCEDURE

AND

LAW OF LIMITATION

G. M. WAGH

R. L. Law College, Belgaum 590006

14 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation

• 1. Preliminaries............................................................................................................. PART ONE – CIVIL PROCEDURE
  • Types of Laws....................................................................................................................
    • Substantive Laws vs Procedural Laws...........................................................................
  • Civil Courts.......................................................................................................................
  • Civil Cases........................................................................................................................
  • Stages of a Civil Case.........................................................................................................
  • Cause of Action.................................................................................................................
  • Dominus Litis ( Arbiter Litis ).................................................................................................
• 2. Jurisdiction of Courts................................................................................................
  • Creation and Choice of Jurisdiction...................................................................................
  • Types of Jurisdiction.........................................................................................................
  • Basis to Determine Jurisdiction.........................................................................................
  • Jurisdictional Facts.........................................................................................................
  • Decision as to Jurisdiction...............................................................................................
  • Jurisdiction as to Subject-matter.....................................................................................
    • Suits of Civil Nature....................................................................................................
    • Bar on Jurisdiction.....................................................................................................
      • Express Bar............................................................................................................
      • Implied Bar.............................................................................................................
    • Effect of Lack of Jurisdiction as to Subject-matter........................................................
  • Original and Appellate Jurisdiction..................................................................................
  • Pecuniary Jurisdiction.....................................................................................................
    • Suit shall be Instituted in the Lowest Court (S. 15).......................................................
      • Over-Valuation and Under-Valuation.......................................................................
  • Territorial Jurisdiction.....................................................................................................
    • 1. Suits in Respect of Immovable Property (Ss. 16-18)..................................................
    • 2. Suits in Respect of Movable Property (S. 19).............................................................
    • 3. Suits in Respect of Compensation for Wrongs (S. 19)................................................
    • 4. Other Suits (s. 20)...................................................................................................
  • Choice of Forum..............................................................................................................
  • Objection to Jurisdiction.................................................................................................
  • Bar on Suit to Set Aside Decree on Objection as to Place of Suing (S. 21-A).......................
  • Other Types of Jurisdiction..............................................................................................
• 3. Res Subjudice and Res Judicata...............................................................................
  • Stay of Suit – Res Subjudice (S. 10)..................................................................................
    • Object.........................................................................................................................
    • Conditions for Application...........................................................................................
    • Exceptions..................................................................................................................
    • Inherent Power to Stay................................................................................................
    • Effect of Contravention................................................................................................
    • Interlocutory Orders....................................................................................................
  • Res Judicata (S. 11).........................................................................................................
    • Object.........................................................................................................................
    • Conditions for Application........................................................................................... 2 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
      • Issue.......................................................................................................................
      • Matter in Issue........................................................................................................
      • Between the Same Parties.......................................................................................
      • Decided Finally.......................................................................................................
      • Decision on Merits..................................................................................................
      • Litigating Under the Same Title...............................................................................
      • Competent Court.....................................................................................................
    • Application of Res Judicata
      • Two stages in the Same Litigation............................................................................
      • Previous and Subsequent Cases..............................................................................
    • Sec. 11 Not Exhaustive................................................................................................
    • Mandatory Nature of Sec. 11 and Waiver of Res Judicata
    • Interpretation..............................................................................................................
    • Res judicata and Estoppel............................................................................................
    • Res Judicata and Res Sub-Judice
• 4. Bar of Suit...............................................................................................................
• 5. Foreign Judgements................................................................................................
  • When foreign judgement is not conclusive........................................................................
    • 1. Not by a Court of Competent Jurisdiction................................................................
    • 2. Absence of Decision on Merits..................................................................................
    • 3. Against International or Indian Law.........................................................................
    • 4. Failure of Natural Justice........................................................................................
    • 5. Fraud......................................................................................................................
    • 6. Founded on Breach of Indian Law............................................................................
• 6. Suits.......................................................................................................................
• 7. Parties to a Suit (O. I)..............................................................................................
  • Joinder of Parties............................................................................................................
    • Joinder of Plaintiffs.....................................................................................................
    • Joinder of Defendants.................................................................................................
  • Necessary Parties and Proper Parties...............................................................................
    • Necessary Parties........................................................................................................
      • Test For Determining The Necessary Parties To A Civil Suit......................................
    • Proper Parties.............................................................................................................
  • Non-joinder and Mis-joinder of Parties.............................................................................
    • Non-joinder of Parties..................................................................................................
    • Mis-joinder of Parties...................................................................................................
    • Multifariousness.........................................................................................................
  • Striking out, Addition, and Substitution of Parties...........................................................
    • Addition of Party.........................................................................................................
    • Effect of Joinder of Parties...........................................................................................
    • Transposition of Parties...............................................................................................
    • Amendments Consequent Upon Change in Parties.......................................................
  • Representative Suits (O. I, R. 8, CPC)............................................................................... - Table of Contents
    • Numerous Persons......................................................................................................
    • Community of Interest.................................................................................................
    • Permission of the Court...............................................................................................
    • Notice.........................................................................................................................
    • Cause Title in a Representative Suit.............................................................................
    • Addition and Substitution of Parties............................................................................
    • Withdrawal, Compromise or Abandonment, and Abatement.........................................
    • Res Judicata
    • Conduct of Suit...........................................................................................................
• 8. Frame of Suit (O. II).................................................................................................
  • Frame of Suit (Rule 1)......................................................................................................
  • Splitting of Claims (Rule 2)..............................................................................................
  • Object of Rule of Splitting of Claims.................................................................................
  • Conditions for Application of Rule of Splitting of Claims...................................................
    • 1. One of Several Reliefs..............................................................................................
    • 2. Leave of the Court...................................................................................................
    • 3. Same Cause of Action..............................................................................................
  • Exceptions to the Rule of Splitting of Claims....................................................................
  • Recurring Causes of Action..............................................................................................
  • Strict Interpretation.........................................................................................................
  • Doctrine of Res Judicata vs rule of Splitting of Claims.....................................................
  • Joinder of Claims (Rules 4 and 5)....................................................................................
  • Joinder of Causes of Action (Rules 3 and 6)......................................................................
    • 1. Only One Plaintiff, Only One Defendant, Several Causes of Action............................
    • 2. Several Plaintiffs, Only One Defendant, Several Causes of Action..............................
    • 3. Only One Plaintiff, Several Defendants, Several Causes of Action..............................
    • 4. Several Plaintiffs, Several Defendants, Several Causes of Action...............................
  • Objections as to Misjoinder (Rule 7).................................................................................
• 9. Institution of Suit (O. IV).........................................................................................
  • Presentation of Plaint (S. 26; O. IV, R. 1)..........................................................................
    • Persons Entitled to Present a Plaint.............................................................................
    • Persons Entitled to Receive the Plaint..........................................................................
    • Place and Time of Presentation....................................................................................
    • Presentation of Plaint with Deficit Court Fee................................................................
  • Procedure After Receiving the Plaint.................................................................................
• 10. Pleadings (O. VI)....................................................................................................
  • Object of Pleadings..........................................................................................................
  • Basic Rules of Pleadings..................................................................................................
    • 1. Plead Only Facts and not Law..................................................................................
    • 2. Plead Only Material Facts........................................................................................
    • 3. Plead Only Facts, Not Evidence................................................................................
    • 4. Pleadings must be in a Concise Form With Precision and Certainty..........................
  • Amendment of Pleadings (O. VI, R. 17).............................................................................
    • Objects of Amendment................................................................................................
    • Discretion of the Court................................................................................................
    • Inherent Powers of the Court....................................................................................... 4 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
    • Leave to Amend When Granted....................................................................................
    • Leave to Amend When Refused....................................................................................
    • Subsequent Events......................................................................................................
    • Merits Not to be Considered.........................................................................................
    • Who may Apply?.........................................................................................................
    • Who may Grant?.........................................................................................................
    • Notice to Opposite Party..............................................................................................
    • Recording of Reasons..................................................................................................
    • Limitation...................................................................................................................
    • At any Stage of the Suit...............................................................................................
    • Proviso to Rule 17.......................................................................................................
    • Doctrine of Relation Back............................................................................................
    • Res Judicata
  • Preparing the Pleadings...................................................................................................
  • Contents of the Pleadings................................................................................................
    • 1. Cause Title..............................................................................................................
    • 2. Provision.................................................................................................................
    • 3. Body of the Pleading................................................................................................
    • 4. Place and Date........................................................................................................
    • 5. Signature (O. VI, R. 14)............................................................................................
    • 6. Verification (O. VI, R. 15).........................................................................................
• 11. Plaint (O. VII).........................................................................................................
  • Particulars of Plaint (O. VII, RR. 1-8)................................................................................
  • Return of Plaint (O. VII, RR. 10-10B)................................................................................
    • Procedure for Returning the Plaint (Rule 10(2), 10-A)...................................................
    • Consequences of Return of Plaint................................................................................
      • Court Fee................................................................................................................
      • Limitation...............................................................................................................
    • Appeal........................................................................................................................
  • Rejection of Plaint (O. VII, R. 11)......................................................................................
    • Effect of Rejecting Plaint..............................................................................................
    • Appeal........................................................................................................................
  • Documents Relied Upon by the Plaintiff (O. VII, RR. 14-17)...............................................
• 12. Written Statement (O. VIII)....................................................................................
  • Presentation of Written Statement...................................................................................
    • Who May Present Written Statement?..........................................................................
    • When May Written Statement be Presented?................................................................
  • Particulars of Written Statement (RR. 1-8)........................................................................
    • Special Rules Applicable to Written Statements............................................................
      • 1. New Facts Must Be Specifically Pleaded (Rule 2)..................................................
      • 2. Denial Must be Specific (RR. 3, 5)........................................................................
      • 3. Denial Must Not be Vague or Evasive (R. 4)..........................................................
      • 4. Particulars of Set-off or Counter Claim Must be Specified (RR. 6-8)......................
  • Documents Relied on in Written Statement (O. VII, R. 1A)................................................ - Table of Contents
  • Set-off (O. VIII, R. 6)........................................................................................................
    • Principle......................................................................................................................
    • Effect of Set-off............................................................................................................
    • Types of Set-off..........................................................................................................
      • Legal Set-Off.........................................................................................................
      • Equitable Set-off...................................................................................................
      • Distinction Between Legal Set-off and Equitable Set-off..........................................
  • Counter Claim (O. VIII, RR. 6A-6G)................................................................................
    • Object of Counter-claim.............................................................................................
    • Starting Time of Right to File Counter-claim...............................................................
    • Nature and Effect of Counter-claim............................................................................
    • Distinction Between Set-Off and Counter-Claim.........................................................
• 13. Summons (Ss. 27-29; O. V)...................................................................................
  • Issue of Summons.........................................................................................................
  • Essentials of a Summons...............................................................................................
    • Exemption from Attendance.......................................................................................
  • Service of Summons......................................................................................................
    • Service of Summons by Court (R. 9)...........................................................................
      • Service of Summons Outside the Jurisdiction of the Court (O. V, R. 21)..................
    • Service of Summons by Plaintiff (R. 9-A).....................................................................
    • Methods and Modes of Service of Summoms..............................................................
    • Personal (Direct) Service (O. V, RR. 11, 12).................................................................
    • Extended Service (O. V, RR. 13-15)............................................................................
    • Substituted Service (O. V, RR. 17, 19, 20)..................................................................
      • Affixing on the Conspicuous Part of the Building (R. 17, 20)...................................
      • Publication in the Local Newspaper (R. 20).............................................................
  • Return of Summons......................................................................................................
• 14. Appearance and Non-Appearance of Parties (O. IX)...............................................
  • Appearance of Parties....................................................................................................
  • Non-appearance of Parties.............................................................................................
    • Failure to Serve Notice on Defendant (O. IX, R. 2).......................................................
    • Failure to Apply for Fresh Summons (O. IX, R. 5).......................................................
    • Where Neither Party Appears (O. IX, R. 3)..................................................................
    • Where Only Plaintiff Appears (O. IX, RR. 6, 7)............................................................
    • Where Only Defendant Appears (O. IX, RR. 8-11).......................................................
    • Differences Between Rule 4 and Rule 9......................................................................
  • Ex Parte Decree.............................................................................................................
    • Remedies Against an Ex Parte Decree.........................................................................
      • Application to Set Aside Ex Parte Decree................................................................
      • Appeal Against Ex Parte Decree.............................................................................
      • Revision Against Ex Parte Decree...........................................................................
      • Review of Ex Parte Decree......................................................................................
      • Suit to Set Aside Ex Parte Decree...........................................................................
    • Ex Parte Decree and Res Judicata
• 15. First Hearing and Issues......................................................................................
  • First Hearing................................................................................................................. 6 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
  • Issues (O. XIV)...............................................................................................................
    • Framing of Issues......................................................................................................
    • preliminary issues.....................................................................................................
    • Power to Amend and Strike Out Issues (O. XIV, R. 5)..................................................
    • Omission to Frame Issues..........................................................................................
  • Disposal of Suit at First Hearing (O. XV).........................................................................
• 16. Proof of the Case.................................................................................................
  • Evidence.......................................................................................................................
  • I. Discovery and Inspection (Order XI)............................................................................
    • A. Discovery by Interrogatories (O. XI, RR. 1-11)........................................................
      • Parties to Interrogatories.......................................................................................
      • Other Important Rules Relating to Interrogatories..................................................
      • Appeal and Revision..............................................................................................
    • B. Discovery of Documents (O. XI, RR. 12-14)............................................................
      • Objections to Discovery.........................................................................................
    • Inspection of Documents (O. XI, RR. 15-19)...............................................................
      • Privileged Documents............................................................................................
  • II. Admissions (Order XII)...............................................................................................
    • Types of Admissions..................................................................................................
    • Notice to Admit Case (O. XII, R. 1)..............................................................................
    • Notice to Admit Documents (O. XII, RR. 2-3A, 8)........................................................
      • Proof of Document and Proof of Contents of Document..........................................
    • Notice to Admit Facts (O. XII, RR. 4-5).......................................................................
    • Judgement on Admissions.........................................................................................
  • III. Documents (Order XIII).............................................................................................
    • Production of Documents (O. XIII, R. 1)......................................................................
      • Production of Records in the Custody of Another Court (RR 76-79, Form No. 5)......
      • Production of Records in the Custody of Other Public Officers (R 80, Form No 6)....
      • Production of Document in Parliament (R. 81, Form No. 7).....................................
    • Admission of Documents (O. XIII, RR. 4-7).................................................................
    • Rejection of Documents (O. XIII, RR. 3, 6)..................................................................
    • Impounding of Document (O. XIII, R. 8).....................................................................
    • Return of Documents (O. XIII, RR. 7, 9)......................................................................
  • IV. Affidavits (Order XIX)................................................................................................
    • Essentials of an affidavit............................................................................................
    • Oath Commissioners.................................................................................................
      • Fees, Receipts and Registers of Oath Commissioner...............................................
    • Proof of Facts by Affidavit..........................................................................................
• 17. Posting of the Case..............................................................................................
  • Failure to Appear (O. XVII, RR. 2, 3)...............................................................................
  • “Last Adjournment”.......................................................................................................
  • Costs of Adjournment....................................................................................................
  • Court Diary................................................................................................................... - Table of Contents
• 18. Hearing of the Suit (Order XVIII)..........................................................................
  • Right to Begin and Reply...............................................................................................
  • Recording of Evidence (O. XVIII, RR. 4-13).....................................................................
    • Oral Evidence............................................................................................................
    • Documentary Evidence..............................................................................................
  • Recording of Evidence in Appealable Cases....................................................................
    • Recording in Narrative...............................................................................................
    • Recording in Question and Answer Form...................................................................
  • Recording of Evidence in Non-Appealable Cases.............................................................
  • Changes Made by the Amendment Act of 2002...............................................................
  • Examination De Bene Esse (O. XVIII, R. 16)...................................................................
• 19. Interlocutory Orders............................................................................................
  • Interlocutory Application...............................................................................................
  • Important Interlocutory Orders Under CPC....................................................................
  • Payment into Court.......................................................................................................
  • Security for Costs.......................................................................................................... - Object of the Rule.................................................................................................. - Residence out of India (O. XXV, R. 1(2))................................................................. - Effect of Failure to Furnish Security (O. XXV, R. 2)................................................
  • Commissions.................................................................................................................
    • Purposes for Which Commissions May be Issued.......................................................
      • Commission to Examine Witnesses (Ss. 76-78; O. XXVI, RR. 1-8)...........................
      • Commission to Make a Local Investigation (O. XXVI, RR. 9, 10)..............................
      • 10A-10C).............................................................................................................. Commission to Hold a Scientific, Technical or Expert Investigation, etc. (O. XXVI, RR.
      • Commission to Examine or Adjust Accounts (O. XXVI, RR. 11, 12).........................
      • Commission to Make a Partition of Immovable Property (O. XXVI, RR. 13, 14)........
    • General Provisions Relating to Commissions..............................................................
      • Expenses of the Commission (O. XXVI, R. 15)........................................................
      • Powers of Commissioner (O. XXVI, R. 16)...............................................................
      • Questions Objected to Before the Commissioner (O. XXVI, R. 16-A)........................
  • Arrest and Attachment Before Judgement......................................................................
    • Object of the Rules....................................................................................................
    • Arrest Before Judgement (S. 94(a); O. XXXVIII, R. 1)..................................................
      • Security for Appearance (RR. 2-4)..........................................................................
      • When Arrest Before Judgement Does Not Lie.........................................................
      • Appeal (O. XLIII, R. 1(q)) and Revision (S. 115).......................................................
    • Attachment Before Judgement (S. 94(b); O. XXXVIII, R. 5)..........................................
      • Conditional Attachment.........................................................................................
      • Mode of Attachment (O. XXXVIII, R. 7)...................................................................
      • Private Alienation of Property After Attachment Void (S. 64)...................................
      • Reattachment in Execution (O. XXXVIII, RR. 11-11A).............................................
      • Withdrawal of Attachment (O. XXXVIII, R. 9)..........................................................
    • Arrest or Attachment on Insufficient Grounds (S. 95).................................................
  • Temporary Injunction (O. XXXIX)...................................................................................
    • Grounds for Granting Temporary Injunction..............................................................
    • Conditions for Granting Temporary Injunction........................................................... 8 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
      • 1. Prima Facie Case...............................................................................................
      • 2. Irreparable Loss................................................................................................
      • 3. Balance of Convenience.....................................................................................
      • Other Factors to be Considered for Granting Temporary Injunction........................
    • Ex Parte Temporary Injunction...................................................................................
    • Inherent Jurisdiction to Issue Temporary Injunction..................................................
    • Vacating of Temporary Injunction (O. XXXIX, R. 4).....................................................
    • Disobedience or Breach of Injunction (O. XXXIX, R. 2-A)............................................
    • Temporary Injunction in Favour of Defendant............................................................
    • Termination of Injunction..........................................................................................
  • Appointment of Receiver................................................................................................
    • Meaning of ‘Receiver’.................................................................................................
    • Appointment of the Receiver......................................................................................
    • Limitation of the Court’s Power..................................................................................
    • Selection of Receiver..................................................................................................
    • Notice Before Appointment........................................................................................
    • Powers of Receiver (O. XL, R. 1(d))..............................................................................
    • Duties of the Receiver (O. XL, R. 3)............................................................................
    • Liability of Receiver...................................................................................................
    • Enforcement of Receiver’s Duties (O. XL, R. 4)............................................................
    • Position of the Receiver..............................................................................................
    • Remuneration of the Receiver (O. XL, R. 2).................................................................
    • Duration of Appointment and Discharge of a Receiver................................................
    • Removal of Receiver...................................................................................................
  • Equitable Remedies.......................................................................................................
• 20. Judgement and Decree (Order XX).......................................................................
  • Judgement....................................................................................................................
    • Essentials of a Judgement.........................................................................................
  • Decree (S. 2(2); O. XX, RR. 6-19)....................................................................................
    • Essentials of a decree................................................................................................
    • Classes of Decrees.....................................................................................................
    • Deemed Decree.........................................................................................................
• 21. Withdrawal and Compromise of Suits (O. XXIII)....................................................
  • Withdrawal of Suit.........................................................................................................
    • I. Withdrawal Without Leave of the Court (RR. 1(1), 4)................................................
    • II. Withdrawal With Leave of the Court (RR. 1(3))........................................................
      • Withdrawal on Behalf of Minor Plaintiff..................................................................
      • Withdrawal Where There Are Several Plaintiffs.......................................................
      • Effect of Withdrawal with Leave of the Court..........................................................
      • Application to Other Proceedings...........................................................................
    • Restoration of Benefit................................................................................................
    • Appeals and Revision.................................................................................................
  • Compromise of Suits.....................................................................................................
    • Conditions for Passing a Consent Decree................................................................... - Table of Contents
    • Court by Which Compromise May Be Recorded..........................................................
    • Satisfaction of the Court............................................................................................
    • Compromise by Pleader.............................................................................................
    • Compromise on Behalf of Minor.................................................................................
    • Compromise in a Representative Suit.........................................................................
    • Extent of the Compromise Decree..............................................................................
    • Res Judicata and Estoppel.........................................................................................
    • Execution of Compromise Decree...............................................................................
    • Appeal and revision...................................................................................................
    • Appeal Against Compromise Decree...........................................................................
    • Suit to Set Aside a Compromise Decree......................................................................
• 22. Death, Marriage and Insolvency of Parties (Order XXII)........................................
  • Death of a Party (O. XXII, RR. 1-6, 10A).........................................................................
    • Death of Plaintiff.......................................................................................................
    • Death of Defendant...................................................................................................
    • Question as to LRs (Rule 5)........................................................................................
    • Duty of the Advocates for the Parties (Rule 10-A)........................................................
    • Effect of Abatement...................................................................................................
  • Marriage of a Female Party (O. XXII, R. 7).......................................................................
  • Insolvency of a Party (O. XXII, R. 8)................................................................................ - Insolvency of the Plaintiff....................................................................................... - Insolvency of the Defendant...................................................................................
  • Devolution of Interest (O. XXII, R. 10).............................................................................
• 23. Interest (S. 34).....................................................................................................
      • Award of Interest.......................................................................................................
      • Three Divisions of Interest.........................................................................................
• 24. Costs (S. 35-35-B; O. XX-A)..................................................................................
      • Types of Costs...........................................................................................................
      • General Costs............................................................................................................
        • Object of Awarding General Costs..........................................................................
        • Rules Governing Award of Costs............................................................................
      • Miscellaneous Costs (O. XX)......................................................................................
      • Compensatory Costs (S. 35-A)....................................................................................
      • Costs for Causing Delay (S. 35-B)..............................................................................
• 25. Transfer of Cases (Ss. 22-25)................................................................................
      • Special Rules.............................................................................................................
      • General Power to Transfer and Withdrawal (Ss. 24, 25)..............................................
        • Grounds on Which the General Powers are Exercised.............................................
      • Differences Between Sec. 22 and Sec. 24...................................................................
      • Power of Supreme Court to Transfer Cases (S. 25)......................................................
• 26. Suits in Particular Cases......................................................................................
  • Suits By or Against Government or Public Officials.........................................................
    • Procedure in Suits By or Against Government or Public Officers (S. 79; O. XXV).........
    • Statutory Notice (S. 80)..............................................................................................
    • Essential Requirements............................................................................................. 10 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
    • Exception to Requirement of Notice............................................................................
  • Suits By Aliens, Foreign Rulers, Ambassadors, etc.........................................................
    • Suits by Aliens (S. 83)................................................................................................
    • Suits By or Against Foreign Rulers and Diplomatic Agents (S. 84-87A).......................
  • Suits By or Against Partnership Firms...........................................................................
  • Suits By or Against Persons with Disabilities..................................................................
    • Suits By or Against Minors........................................................................................
      • Minor Plaintiff to be Represented by Next Friend (O. XXXII, R. 1)............................
      • Minor Defendant to be Represented by Guardian Ad Litem.....................................
      • Preference to be Given to Appointed or Declared Guardian.....................................
      • Qualifications of a Person to Become Next Friend or Guardian of a Minor...............
      • Limitations on Powers of the Next Friend or Guardian............................................
      • Termination of Next Friend or Guardian (O. XXXII, R. 11)......................................
      • Minor Attaining Majority (O. XXXII, RR. 12-14A)....................................................
    • Persons of Unsound Mind..........................................................................................
  • Interpleader Suits..........................................................................................................
    • Procedure at First Hearing (O. XXXV, R. 4).................................................................
  • Suits by Indigent Persons..............................................................................................
    • Rejection of Application (O. XXXIII, R. 5)....................................................................
    • Procedure After Admission of Application (Rules 6-8)..................................................
    • Legal Aid to Indigent persons.....................................................................................
    • Revocation of Permission (Dispaupering) (O. XXXIII, R. 9)...........................................
    • Death of Applicant.....................................................................................................
      • During the Pendency of Application.......................................................................
      • During Pendency of the Suit..................................................................................
  • Suits Relating to Public Matters.....................................................................................
    • Suits Relating to Public Nuisance (S. 91)....................................................................
      • Public Nuisance....................................................................................................
      • Special Damage.....................................................................................................
      • Appeal..................................................................................................................
      • Remedies Available Against Public Nuisance..........................................................
    • Suits Relating to Public Trusts (S. 92)........................................................................
      • Object of the Section.............................................................................................
      • Conditions for Application of Sec. 92.....................................................................
      • Doctrine of Cy Pres................................................................................................
• 27. Execution of Decree (O. XXI)................................................................................
  • Executing Court............................................................................................................
    • Transfer of Decree for Execution Ss. 39-42; O. XXI, RR. 3-9.......................................
    • Powers of the Executing Court...................................................................................
      • Questions to be Determined by Executing Court....................................................
      • Essential Conditions of Applicability of sec. 47.......................................................
    • Adjudication of Claims (Order XXI, Rule 58)...............................................................
    • Differences between Section 47 and Order XXI, Rule 58.............................................
  • Execution Petition (O. XXI RR. 10-25, 105, 106).............................................................
    • Contents of the Execution Application.......................................................................
      • Table of Contents
• Stay of Execution (Order XXI, Rules 26, 29)...................................................................
• Modes of Execution (S. 51).............................................................................................
  • Selection of Mode of Execution...................................................................................
  • 1. Delivery of Property...............................................................................................
    • (a) Movable Property (S. 51(a); O. XXI, R. 31)..........................................................
    • (b) Immovable Property (S. 51(a); O. XXI, RR. 35, 36).............................................
  • 2. Sale of Property (S. 51 (b))......................................................................................
  • 3. Arrest and Detention (Sec. 51(c))............................................................................
  • 4. Appointment of Receiver (Sec. 51(d) r/w Oder XL)..................................................
  • 5. Partition (Sec. 54)..................................................................................................
• Cross Decrees (O. XXI, RR. 18, 20).................................................................................
  • Conditions for Application of Rule 18.........................................................................
• Cross Claims (O. XXI, RR. 19, 20)..................................................................................
  • Conditions for Applicability of Rule 19.......................................................................
• Execution of Different Types of Decrees..........................................................................
  • Payment of Money.....................................................................................................
    • Payment in the Court............................................................................................
    • Payment Out of the Court......................................................................................
  • Certification of Payment............................................................................................
    • Uncertified Payment..............................................................................................
  • Arrest and Detention of the Judgement Debtor...........................................................
    • Procedure for Arrest and Detention........................................................................
    • Arrest in Dwelling House.......................................................................................
    • Maximum Period of Detention................................................................................
    • Circumstances Under Which Judgement-debtor May Be Released..........................
    • Rearrest of Judgement-Debtor...............................................................................
  • Attachment of Property (Ss. 60-64; O. XXI, RR. 41-57)...............................................
    • Precept (S. 46).......................................................................................................
    • Garnishee Order (O. XXI, RR. 46A-46I)..................................................................
    • Seizure of Property in Dwelling House (S. 62).........................................................
    • Attachment of a Property by More than One Court (S. 63)......................................
    • Invalidity of Private Alienation Subsequent to Attachment (S. 64)...........................
    • Determination of Attachment (O. XXI, RR. 55-58)...................................................
  • Sale of Property (Ss. 65-73; O. XXI, RR. 64-94)..........................................................
    • 1. Proclamation of Sale..........................................................................................
    • Time of Sale (O. XXI, RR. 68, 69)...........................................................................
    • Stoppage of Sale (O. XXI, R. 69(3)).........................................................................
    • Restriction on Bidding (O. XXI, RR. 72, 73)............................................................
  • Sale of Movable Property (O. XXI, RR. 74-78)..............................................................
    • Sale of Agricultural Produce (O. XXI, RR. 74, 75)....................................................
    • Sale of Negotiable Instruments and Shares (O. XXI, R. 76).....................................
    • Payment of Price (O. XXI, RR. 76, 71).....................................................................
    • Irregularity in Sale (O. XXI, R. 78)..........................................................................
  • Sale of Immovable Property (O. XXI, RR. 82-94)..........................................................
    • Courts Competent to Order Sale (O. XXI, R. 82).....................................................
    • Place of Sale..........................................................................................................
      • Right of Pre-emption (O. XXI, R. 88)....................................................................... 12 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation
      • Postponement of Sale (O. XXI, R. 83).....................................................................
      • Deposit and Payment of Price (O. XXI, RR. 84-87)..................................................
      • Sale of Indivisible Property....................................................................................
      • Sale of Movable and Immovable Property...............................................................
      • Setting Aside Sale (O. XXI, RR. 89-92)...................................................................
      • Effect of Setting Aside of Sale (O. XXI, R. 93)..........................................................
      • Confirmation of Sale (O. XXI, R. 92).......................................................................
      • Certificate of Sale (O. XXI, RR. 94).........................................................................
      • Effect of Sale (S. 65)..............................................................................................
    • Delivery of Property...................................................................................................
      • Modes of Delivery of Property (O. XXI, RR. 79-81; 95-96)........................................
      • Resistance to Delivery of Possession (O. XXI, RR. 97-103)......................................
      • Distribution of Assets (S. 73).................................................................................
  • Applicable (Ss. 43-44A).................................................................................................. Execution of Decrees of Indian Courts in Places to Which Civil Procedure Code is Not
  • Execution of a Foreign decree (S. 44-A)..........................................................................
    • Period of Limitation...................................................................................................
  • Execution of Decree in Foreign Court (S. 45)..................................................................
• 28. Appeals, Revision, Review and Reference.............................................................
  • Appeal...........................................................................................................................
    • Agreement and Right to Appeal..................................................................................
    • Appeal Against Deceased Person................................................................................
    • Types and Stages of Appeals......................................................................................
  • First Appeals (Ss. 96-99-A, 107; O. XLI).........................................................................
    • Essentials of an Appeal..............................................................................................
      • 1. A Decision of a Court.........................................................................................
      • 2. An Aggrieved Person..........................................................................................
      • 3. An Appellate Authority Empowered to Entertain the Appeal...............................
    • Who May Prefer an Appeal?.......................................................................................
    • New Plea in Appeal....................................................................................................
    • New Evidence in Appeal.............................................................................................
    • Limitation.................................................................................................................
      • Condonation of Delay (O. XLI, R. 3-A)....................................................................
    • Appeals Against Decrees............................................................................................
    • Form of Appeal (O. XLI, RR. 1-4)................................................................................
    • Procedure in Appeal..................................................................................................
      • Power to Dismiss Appeal without Notice (O. XLI, R. 11)..........................................
      • Paper Book...........................................................................................................
      • Right to Begin and Reply (O. XLI, R. 16).................................................................
    • Powers of Appellate Court (S. 107(1), (2); O. XLI, RR 23-29, 33)..................................
      • 1. Power to Decide Finally (S. 107(1)(a); O. XLI, R. 24)............................................
      • 2. Power to Remand (S. 107(1)(b); O. XLI, RR. 23-23A)...........................................
      • 3. Power to Frame Issues (S. 107(1)(c); O. XLI, RR. 25, 26).....................................
      • 4. Power to Take Additional Evidence (S. 107(1)(d); O. XLI, RR. 27-29)....................
      • 5. Power to Modify Decree (O. XLI, R. 33)...............................................................
        • Table of Contents
      • 6. Other Powers (S. 107(2))....................................................................................
    • Duties of the Appellate Court.....................................................................................
      • 1. Duty to Decide Appeal Finally............................................................................
      • 2. Duty to Not to Interfere with Decree on Technicalities Alone...............................
      • 3. Duty to Re-appreciate Evidence.........................................................................
      • 4. Duty to Record Reasons....................................................................................
  • Second Appeals (Ss. 100-103, 107, 108; O. XLII)............................................................
    • Scope of Second Appeal.............................................................................................
      • Second Appeal Only on Question of Law, not of Fact..............................................
      • No Re-appreciation of Evidence in Second Appeal..................................................
    • Procedure..................................................................................................................
    • First Appeal vs Second Appeal..................................................................................
  • Appeals from Orders (Ss. 104-108; O. XLIII)...................................................................
  • Revisions (Sec. 115).......................................................................................................
    • Conditions for Exercising Revisional Jurisdiction.......................................................
      • 1. ‘Case Decided’...................................................................................................
      • 2. ‘Subordinate Court’...........................................................................................
      • 3. ‘No Appeal Lies’.................................................................................................
      • 4. ‘Jurisdictional Error’.........................................................................................
      • 5. ‘Discretion of Court’...........................................................................................
    • Revision vs. Appeal....................................................................................................
    • Revision vs. Second Appeal........................................................................................
    • Conversion of Appeal into Revision............................................................................
  • Review (Sec. 114; Order XLVII)....................................................................................... - 1. ‘Discovery of New and Important Matter or Evidence’......................................... - 2. ‘Mistake or Error Apparent on the Face of the Record’........................................ - 3. ‘Any Other Sufficient Reason’.............................................................................
    • Three Stages in Review..............................................................................................
    • Effect of Review.........................................................................................................
    • No Inherent Powers to Review....................................................................................
    • Appeal and Review....................................................................................................
    • Review vs. Appeal......................................................................................................
    • Review vs. Revision....................................................................................................
  • Reference (Sec. 113; Order XLVI)....................................................................................
    • Process Fee...............................................................................................................
    • Conditions for a Reference.........................................................................................
    • Power of the High Court (Order XLVI, Rule 5).............................................................
• 29. Caveat.................................................................................................................
• 30. Inherent Powers of the Court...............................................................................
  • Limitations....................................................................................................................
  • Appeal and Revision......................................................................................................
• 1. Preliminaries......................................................................................................... PART TWO – LAW OF LIMITATION
  • Object of Law of Limitation............................................................................................
  • Limitation Bars Remedy, but Does Not Destroy Rights....................................................
  • The History of the Law of Limitation in India (The Limitation Act, 1963)..........................
  • Constitutional Aspects of the Limitation Act, 1963.........................................................
    • 1. Legislative Competence..........................................................................................
    • 2. Applicability of Art. 14...........................................................................................
    • 3. Applicability to Art. 32...........................................................................................
  • Salient Features of the Limitation Act, 1963...................................................................
  • Applicability of Limitation Act, 1963...............................................................................
  • Limitation, Laches, Acquiescence and Prescription......................................................... - Laches and Acquiescence...................................................................................... - Prescription..........................................................................................................
  • Period of Limitation....................................................................................................... - Starting Point........................................................................................................ - Reckoning the Period.............................................................................................
• 2. Expiry of the Periods of Limitation on a Day when the Court is Closed (Sec. 4).......
• 3. Extension of Period of Limitation by Courts...........................................................
  • Institution of Suit Beyond the Period of Limitation.........................................................
  • Admission of Appeal or Application After Limitation........................................................
    • ‘Sufficient Cause’.......................................................................................................
• 4. Period of Limitation in the Case of Persons Under Legal Disability (Secs. 6-9).........
• 5. Instances in Which a Suit is Not Barred By Any Length of Time (Sec. 10)...............
• 6. Computation of Limitation (Ss. 12-24)...................................................................
  • Exclusion of Time (Ss. 12-15).........................................................................................
    • Time in Legal Proceedings (S. 12)...............................................................................
    • Time in Applying for Leave to Sue As Pauper (s. 13)....................................................
    • Time Spent in Wrong Court (S. 14).............................................................................
    • Exclusion of Time in Certain other Cases (Sec. 15).....................................................
  • Postponement of Limitation (Ss. 16-24)..........................................................................
    • Death On or Before the Accrual of Right to Sue (S. 16)...............................................
      • Death of Plaintiff or Applicant................................................................................
      • Death of Defendant or Opponent...........................................................................
    • Fraud or Mistake (S. 17)............................................................................................
    • Acknowledgement (S. 18)...........................................................................................
    • Payment on Account of Debt (S. 19)...........................................................................
    • Continuing Breaches and Torts (S. 22).......................................................................
• 7. Prescription (Ss. 25-27)..........................................................................................
  • Acquisition of Right by Prescription (S. 25).....................................................................
  • 26)................................................................................................................................ Exclusion in Favour of a Minor, Insane Person, and Reversioner of Servient Tenement (S.
  • Extinguishment of Right to Property (S. 27)....................................................................

PART ONE

CIVIL PROCEDURE

PRELIMINARIES

TYPES OF LAWS

Laws are classified as substantive laws and procedural laws. Procedural laws are

also called ‘adjective laws’. Substantive laws are those laws which provide for the

rights, duties and liabilities of the persons governed by the concerned law. For

example, Indian Penal Code prohibits certain acts which it declares to be offences

and imposes a duty on people not to commit those acts. A person who violates the

said law will be liable to the punishment prescribed under the Indian Penal Code.

Law of Torts declares that certain acts are torts and prohibits people from

committing the same. A person who commits the prohibited act is liable to pay

compensation to the person who has suffered loss due to the tort committed by

the wrongdoer. Similarly, Contract Act prescribes right, duties and liabilities of the

contracting parties.

Substantive law which lays down the liabilities of the persons violating the law

does not mention how to enforce the liability so incurred. This is the realm of the

procedural laws. In case of the Indian Penal Code and other criminal laws the

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 prescribes the procedure for enforcing the criminal

liability, while in case of Law of Torts, Law of Contracts and other civil laws, the

Civil Procedure Code, 1908 provides for the procedure for enforcing the liability.

It should be noted that very few laws can be classified as purely substantive and

purely procedural. Most of the laws contain both types of provisions – provisions

which lay down the rights, duties and liabilities of the parties and also the

procedure for enforcing the liabilities. Even in Civil Procedure Code, 1908 there

are provisions which deal with substantive aspects. For example right to appeal

against the judgement of a lower court is a substantive provision.

Procedural laws prescribe the broad procedure for enforcing the liabilities. They do

not deal with their implementation as such, i.e., the steps to be taken to follow

this procedure. This aspect of the procedure is done by the Rules of Practice

framed by the High Courts for the subordinate courts.

Karnataka Civil Rules of Practice, 1967 and Karnataka Criminal Rules of Practice

framed by the Karnataka High Court take care of the rules of practice in civil and

criminal cases respectively.

Further, Civil Procedure Code by itself does not provide for all the procedural

aspects of a civil case. Many other statutes, which are also procedural in nature,

2 Civil Procedure and Law of Limitation

such as the Indian Evidence Act, 1871, the Karnataka Civil Courts Act, 1964, the

Limitation Act, 1963, the Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958 are

few examples of the statutes which have to be read with Civil Procedure Code to

know the complete procedure to be followed in a civil case.

LAWS

Substantive Laws Procedural Laws

Law of

Procedure

Rules of

Practice

Substantive laws and procedural laws are interdependent. Without substantive

laws there cannot be procedural laws. If there are no rights and liabilities to be

enforced, there is no need for the procedure. On the other hand, if there are no

procedural laws, substantive laws become useless. If the rights and liabilities

cannot be enforced, their existence becomes meaningless. The well known legal

maxim ubi jus ibi remedium stresses upon the importance of procedural laws.

Further, the efficacy of the substantive laws greatly depends upon the quality of

procedural laws. If the procedure is simple, expeditious and inexpensive, the

implementation of substantive laws becomes effective and successful. Otherwise,

however good and strong the substantive laws may be, they remain ineffective.

SUBSTANTIVE LAWS VS. PROCEDURAL LAWS

As observed by Lord Halsbury, “there is at the outset a vital and essential

distinction between substantive and procedural law. The function of substantive

law is to define, create or confer substantive legal rights or legal status or to

impose and define the nature and extent of legal duties. The function of

procedural law is to provide the machinery or the manner in which the legal rights

or the status and legal duties may be enforced or recognised by a court of law or

other recognised or properly constituted tribunal.”