Lab Report for Anatomy Physiology, Lab Reports of Anatomy

Download Lab Report for Anatomy Physiology and more Lab Reports Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!

Lab 4

Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells

(Erythrocytes)

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Production: ● Bone marrow: Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, a spongy tissue inside certain bones ● Erythropoietin: The hormone erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels in the blood Lifespan: ● 120 days: On average, red blood cells live for about 120 days. After this time, they are broken down in the spleen, liver, and other organs, and their components are recycled. Abnormalities: ● Anemia: insufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin → reduced oxygen delivery to the body ● Polycythemia: excessive number of red blood cells → can thicken the blood and increase the risk of blood clots ● Sickle cell disease: genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, making them less efficient at transporting oxygen

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

Normal Ranges & Abnormalities

● The normal range for WBC count depends on age, gender,

and other factors, but typically ranges from 4,000 to

11,000 cells per microliter of blood

Abnormalities:

● High count: Infection, inflammation, leukemia

● Low count: Bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases,

chemotherapy

Five main types of White Blood Cells:

● Neutrophils: The most common type, they fight infections by releasing enzymes and chemicals that kill pathogens ● Lymphocytes: These cells produce antibodies and recognize specific pathogens, helping the body develop long-term immunity ● Monocytes: They transform into macrophages, which engulf and destroy large pathogens ● Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections ● Basophils: Release histamine and heparin, contributing to inflammation and allergic responses

Granular Leukocytes

Neutrophils (multilobed; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules take up basic dyes)

● Most numerous, short lived but very phagocytic - they fight infections by releasing enzymes/chemicals ● First responders to bacterial and fungal infections ● Polymorphonuclear leukocytes - nucleus so deeply lobed it appears to be multiple nuclei ● They engulf and destroy pathogens using enzymes and antimicrobial peptides

Promote inflammation: release chemicals that trigger inflammation, attracting other immune cells to the site of infection

Tissue repair: After an infection is cleared, help with tissue repair by releasing growth factors

Neutrophils (multilobed; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules)

Eosinophils (bi-lobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules)

● Bi-lobed nuclei with red staining, acidophilic granules (readily stained with dyes) ● Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized ● Modulators of immune response (allergic rxns/hypersensitivity): ○ Acute allergic reactions (food allergy, bee sting) ○ Chronic allergic reaction (asthma, eczema)

● Elevated Eosinophils levels indicate parasitic infection ● Also responsible for promoting symptoms associated with allergies ○ (nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, eyes tearing up, wheezing)

Basophils (bi-lobed nucleus; has purplish-black granules)

● Most rare type of WBC; occur least frequently in smears ● Feature large, purplish-black staining basophilic granules that are readily stained with basic dyes ● Granules are so large that they obscure view of the nucleus!

Releases histamine - an inflammatory chemical that promotes vasodilation (relaxation of smooth muscle cells within vessel walls) + attracts RBCs to the inflamed site → causes redness/irritation

Contains heparin , body’s natural anticoagulant/blood thinner

● Prevents conversion of fluid into a thickened/semisolid mass

Basophils modulate immune response (allergic reactions, body’s claritin)

● Heightened basophil levels indicate allergic reaction!

Basophils (bi-lobed nucleus; has purplish-black granules)

Lymphocytes (B-Cells & T-Cells)

● Small WBCs/Leukocytes with a large, spherical nucleus ● Nucleus - large, dark purple, circular with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm; occupies about 90% of cell volume ● Lymphocytes reside in lymphatic organs/tissue (bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)

Crucial to our immunity!

● T-Cells: directly attack body’s own virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and foreign cells. Can be responsible for rejecting donor cells/transplant ● B-Cells: specialize/differentiate into plasma cells; produce antibodies (protein molecules) that function in defense. Carry out immune responses against foreign substances

Lymphocytes

(B-Cells & T-Cells)