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Typology: Lab Reports
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Name : ASHUTOSH DUBEY
Roll No. : 2129128
Semester : AUTUMN SEM 2021
Section : A-
Experiment No. : 04
Experiment Name : Verification of KCL and KVL
Student Signature : Ashutosh Dubey
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Kirchoffโs Current Law ( KCL) and Kirchoffโs Voltage Law( KVL)
To find the current in each branch and then verify KCL. To find the voltage across each element in a loop and then verify KVL.
THEORY: KCL: It states that in any electrical network the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is zero.
I 1 +I 2 +I 3 +โฆโฆ.= Or KVL: It states that the algebraic sum of emfs and the voltage drops in a closed loop is zero.
S. Name of the Type Range Quantity No. Apparatus 1 Voltmeter DC 0-300V 05
2 Ammeter DC (0 โ 1-2)A 04
3 Tungsten Filament AC/DC 100W, 230V 06 Lamp 4 Rheostat DC 300 Ohm, 1.7A 01
5 Connecting Wire PVC wire 1.5mm 2 Multi As per Strand required
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Circuit Diagram(Online) : KCL:
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PROCEDURE(Offline):
Make the connection as per circuit diagram given for KCL. โ Set the rheostats to their minimum value. โ Switch ON supply. โ Apply different voltages with the help of potential divider. โ Note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for KCL.
For verification of KVL make the connection as per the circuit diagram given in KVL.
Follow the steps of b,c,d. โ Note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter for KVL.
PROCEDURE(Online): The components are given at the right side on the simulator. They can be dragged and the circuit can be formed as in the circuit diagram. The colour change in the nodes of the components confirms the connection. By noting the current and voltages through different branches the law can be verified.
OBSERVATION TABLE (Offline):
KCL
Sl. Applied I I 1 I 2 Remarks No. Voltage(V) in (Amp) (Amp) (Amp) Volt 1 7.20 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.
2 14.00 0.20 0.09 0.08 0.
3 23.30 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.
Sl. Applied V 1 V 2 V 3 Remarks No. Voltage(V) in (Volt) (Volt) (Volt) Volt 1 15 4.50 5.00 5.00 0.
2 20 6.00 6.50 7.00 0.
3 25 7.50 8.00 8.50 1.
OBSERVATION TABLE (Online):
Sl. Applied I I 1 I 2 Remarks No. Voltage(V) in (Amp) (Amp) (Amp) Volt 1 25 1.67 0.83 0.83 0. 2 45 3.00 1.50 1.50 0. 3 60 4.00 2.00 2.00 0. 4 78 5.20 2.60 2.60 0. 5 90 6.00 3.00 3.00 0.
Sl. Applied V 1 V 2 V 3 Remarks No. Voltage(V) in (Volt) (Volt) (Volt) Volt 1 10 3.33 3.33 3.33 0. 2 15 5.00 5.00 5.00 0. 3 37 12.33 12.33 12.33 0. 4 55 18.33 18.33 18.33 0. 5 85 28.33 28.33 28.33 0.
(Offline table calculations) KCL Remarks on variance = { I } โ { I 1 +I 2 } = 0.10 โ (0.09) = 0.
= 0.20 โ (0.09+0.08) = 0.
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Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 15 โ (4.50+5.00+5.00) = 0. Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 20.00 โ (6.00+6.50+7.00) = 0. Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 25 โ (7.50+8.00+8.50) = 1.
(Online observation table calculations) KCL:
Remarks on variance = { I } โ { I 1 +I 2 } = 1.67 โ (0.83+0.83) = 0.
Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 10 โ (3.33+3.33+3.33) = 0. Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 15 โ (5.00+5.00+5.00) = 0. Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value} = 37 โ (12.33+12.33+12.33) = 0. Remarks on variance = {applied voltage} โ {experimental voltage value}
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is connected in a parallel combination. In series combination, the current remains the same through the resistance network.
Ans) The voltage divider rule is used to solve circuits to simplify the solution.
Applying this rule can also solve simple circuits thoroughly The main concept of this voltage divider rule is โThe voltage is divided between two resistors which are connected in series in direct proportion to their resistance.
Ans) Dependent voltage sources: Dependent Voltage sources are those
sources whose values depends upon magnitude and direction of the current. Independent Voltage Sources: An independent voltage source are ideal voltage sources whose values depends only upon source.
Ans) Ideal current source internal resistance must be zero.
Non ideal current source have some internal resistance in parallel. Whenever load connected current will be slightly less than the rated constant value.
Ans) Ideal voltage source internal resistance must be zero.
Non-Ideal voltage source have some internal resistance in series. Whenever load connected some drop of voltage observed.
Ans) The two ends of the voltage source are not independent nodes, as node voltage can be determined using the other node voltage and source voltage. The two end nodes and voltage nodes together are called are called super nodes.
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