lab manual_digestive_atlas_11-22-17.pdf, Schemes and Mind Maps of Anatomy

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A. Digestive System Overview Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to Systems Views and scroll down to Digestive System Views. Select 6. Alimentary Canal. Make the following observations. You are responsible for all bold terms and diagram labels.

1. Zoom out so that the entire model is visible. The alimentary canal is a continuous tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anal canal. Rotate the model and zoom out as required to see the entire length of the tube.
2. Deselect the skeletal system (the skull icon) in the systems menu to hide the pelvis and spine. Rotate the alimentary canal to view it from all angles.
3. Use the image below to locate the main sections of the alimentary canal. Mouth Esophagus Colon Small Intestine Stomach Pharynx Rectum

Go to the Views menu and select Muscle Actions. View Mandible elevation, Mandible retraction, and Mandible protraction.

3. What are the actions of the masseter and the temporalis? Go to the Views menu and select 3. Salivary Glands from the set of digestive system views.
4. Locate the large parotid glands. Select then hide the mandible and locate the submandibular and sublingual glands in the lower part of the head. How do these glands participate in digestion? Gingiva Teeth Right sublingual gland Tongue Left submandibular gland Left parotid gland Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus

5. Locate the teeth and the gingiva. What roles do these structures play in digestion?
6. Deselect the skeletal system, then rotate the model so that you can see and select the tongue. How does the tongue participate in mechanical digestion?
7. Deselect the muscular system and hide the parotid glands by clicking on them and selecting “hide”. Locate the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx, and the esophagus.
8. After being chewed, the mixture of food and salivary juices that is swallowed is called a ____________________________. Smooth muscles in the pharynx and the esophagus create waves of ____________________ that carry the food mixture to the stomach. TIME TO PRACTICE! GO TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZ 6, UPPER TRACT.

3. Hide the greater omentum and locate the following parts of the alimentary canal: a. Stomach b. Small intestine c. Large intestine (colon) d. Rectum e. Anus Large intestine (colon) Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus

4. Rotate the model so that you can locate the following accessory organs: liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Fade portions of the liver as necessary in order to see the entire gall bladder.
5. Use the Multi-Select tool to select all the anterior lobes of the liver and then hide them in order to have a good view of the stomach. Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Lesser curvature Pyloric sphincter Serosa Longitudinal muscle layer Circular muscle layer Oblique muscle layer Mucosa Greater curvature

E. Intestines Go to the Views menu and select 2. Lower Digestive System from the digestive system set of views. Deselect the skeletal system and hide the greater omentum.

1. Rotate the model in order to locate the three sections of the small intestine: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Duodenum Ileum Jejunum

2. Rotate the model to an anterior view and select then hide the transverse colon. You should be able to see the pyloric sphincter where the duodenum connects to the stomach. Select the section of the duodenum labeled Duodenum, sectioned (front) and hide it. You will now see the five layers of the duodenum (note they are not separately selectable). Starting with the outermost layer they are the: a. Serosa b. Longitudinal muscle layer c. Circular muscle layer d. Submucosa e. Mucosa
3. Select the section of the duodenum labeled Duodenum, sectioned (back) and fade it. Locate the places where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the duodenum. Common bile duct Mucosa Submucosa Serosa Pancreatic duct Longitudinal muscle layer Circular muscle layer

7. Select the ascending colon and use the Radius Blast button (small yellow and blue circle) to restore the transverse colon to view. Rotate the model to find the following structures: a. Cecum b. Appendix c. Ascending colon d. Transverse colon e. Descending colon f. Sigmoid colon g. Rectum h. Anal canal
8. Bands of smooth muscle called taenia coli extend along the surface of the large intestine. What is the function of the taenia coli?
9. The transverse colon is aligned with the greater _________________________ of the stomach.
10. Select the rectum and then select the skeletal system. Note how the rectum and anal canal pass through the pelvis.
11. Select the anal canal and select the muscular system. Rotate the model to see the anal canal passing through the muscular floor of the pelvis. Locate the external anal sphincter. In the digestive system set of views select 12. Colon (M) and view the model from the side.
12. Note how the sigmoid colon and the rectum follow the curvature of the spinal column around the bladder. Locate the internal anal sphincter at the junction of the rectum and the anal canal. Using the toggle in the ribbon at the top, switch to the female model. Note how the sigmoid colon and the rectum follow the outer curvature of the uterus and the vagina. TIME TO PRACTICE! GO TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZZES 12, 13, AND 14 (INTESTINAL TRACT, SMALL INTESTINE, AND LARGE INTESTINE).

F. Accessory Organs In the digestive system set of views select 9. Accessory Organs.

1. Rotate the model so you can see the pancreas, the gall bladder, and the liver.
2. The liver has _____ lobes. The ___________ lobe is the biggest.
3. The left lobe is separated from the rest of the liver by the ___________________ _________________________.
4. The left posterolateral segment of the liver has a(n) ______________________, or_______________________ to accommodate the ______________________
5. Find the five ligaments that anchor the liver to the diaphragm and the abdomen. These ligaments are the: a. b. c. d. e.
6. Fade the lobes of the liver in order to see the right and left hepatic ducts. Locate the common hepatic duct and the common bile duct.
7. Bile can be transferred to the gall bladder for storage via the ___________________________ duct. Bile can be released from the gall bladder into the small intestine when the sphincter of _______________________________ is open.
8. Fade the head and the body of the pancreas to see where the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct. The common bile duct enters the small intestine at the main duodenal papilla.
9. Locate the head, body, and tail of the pancreas. Locate the main pancreatic duct and the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini). The accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.

G. Head Cross Section In the Views menu, scroll over to Cross Sections. Scroll down to the Head (Sagittal) sections and select 1. Head (Midsagittal). Identify the following structures:

1. Orbicularis (lips)
2. Tongue
3. Hard palate
4. Soft palate
5. Oral cavity
6. Laryngopharynx
7. Select any tooth H. Thorax Cross Section Go back to the Cross Sections menu and find the Thorax sections. Select 2. Thorax (T03-T04). The view displays an inferior view. Identify the following structures:
8. Right and left lungs
9. Right and left brachiocephalic veins
10. Aortic arch
11. Trachea
12. Esophagus
13. T04 vertebra

I. Abdominal Cross Section Go back to the Cross Sections menu and find the Abdomen sections. Select 2. Abdomen (T12-L01). The view displays an inferior view. Identify the following structures:

1. Peritoneum
2. Three liver segments (medial segment, anteromedial segment, and right anterolateral segment)
3. Gall bladder
4. Right and left kidneys
5. Lesser omentum
6. L01 Vertebra
7. Stomach
8. Pancreas (body and tail)
9. Descending aorta
10. Inferior vena cava
11. Spleen Select the right-hand arrow in the title box to go to the next abdominal section (L01-L02). Identify the following structures:
12. Peritoneum
13. Stomach
14. Transverse colon (both parts, on either side of the stomach)
15. Spleen
16. Right and left kidneys
17. Duodenum
18. Inferior vena cava
19. Descending aorta
20. L01 vertebra

Source: Digestive System Views: View 6. Alimentary Canal