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Correlating Lab 5 Notes Material Type: Notes; Professor: Maloof; Class: Human Anatomy and Physiology I; Subject: Biology ; University: University of Alaska - Anchorage; Term: Fall 2010;
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Lab Five: The Axial Skeleton The axial forms the long axis of the body and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage. It remodels itself every 4 months based on stress and weight change. Long Bones: Humerus-Radius-Femur-Tibia Short Bones: Carpas-Tarsals, they are roughly cubed shaped Flat: Scapula-Ribs-Skull Irregular: Vertebrae-Mandible Seasmoid: Patella- shaped like a sesame seed. Functions of Bones 1.) Support: Framework supports the body and protects organs. 2.) Protection: Skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, ribcage protects lungs and heart. 3.) Movement: Skeletal muscles which attach to bones by tendons use bones as lever to move the body and it’s parts, Therefore we can walk, grasp, and breathe. 4.) Mineral/Growth Factor Storage: Bone is a reservoir for minerals, the most important is calcium and phosphate. Stored minerals are released into the bloodstream as needed for distribution. Mineralized bone matrix stores growth factors. 5.) Blood Cell Formation: Most blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones. Bone Markings
- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment Name of Bone Markings Descriptions Tuberosity Large rounded projection; Roughened Crest Narrow ridge of bone; Prominent Trochanter Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process Line Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest Tubercle Small rounded projection/process Epicondyle Raised area on or above a condyle Spine Sharp, slender, pointed projection Process Any bony prominence Projections that Help Form Joints Name of Bone Markings Descriptions Head Bony expansion carried on narrow neck Facet Smooth, nearly flat articular surface Condyle Rounded, articular projection Ramus Armlike bar of bone
Depressions & Openings Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to Pass Names of Bone Markings Descriptions Meatus Canal-like passageway Sinus Cavity in a bone, filled with air-lined w/ mucous Fossa Shallow depression, articular surface Groove Furrow Fissure Narrow, slit-like opening Foramen Round/Oval opening through a bone Each bone has a dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid called compact bone. Inside this is spongy bone which is a honeycomb of small needle-like/flat pieces called trabeculae. In living bones the open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow marrow. Compact bone : Osteons are long tubular structures with a calcified matrix. The central canal is a place for blood vessel exchange for tissues. Osteocytes maintain structure and secret substances. Lamella is a layer of osteons where blood travels from canal to osteons. Also called “little canals” called canalliculi. In a single osteon, collagen fibers run in separate directions which gives it added strength in all directions. Endochondral Ossification- Bone Growth Chondrocytes in the cartilage of the Epiphyseal plate divide which produces new cartilage in the Epiphyseal plate bordering the epiphyses. At the other end of the O.Plate bordering the diaphysis, older cartilage is broken down by osteoclasts and is eventually replaced by the expanding medullary cavity. Fractures Name of Fracture Description Communited Older people, brittle bones, 3+ breaks Compression Crushed- From a fall- back bones Spiral Rugged break-Twisting force-Common in sports Epiphyseal Kids-Separation of epiphyses from diaphysis. Depressed Broken bones is pressed inward- skull fracture Greenstick Breaks incompletely-Common in kids-Flexible Vertebrae processes- Tendon/ligament attachment increases surface area. Invertebral discs- Cushions and holds them together. Has a nucleus pulposus, with too much pressure, the nucleus gets moved and puts pressure on the discs. Cervical(1-7)-Thoracic(12)-Lumbar(5) C1: Atlas- Occipital condyles move head front to back/up and down C2:Axis/Dens- Rotates the head and moves it side to side