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Folds
Kinematics & Mechanics
Geol342
J. Toro
Many diagrams are from Earth Structure, van der Pluijm and Marshak, 2004
Outline
• Fold Geometry
– Axial surface
– Hinge line
• Map patterns of folds
• Fold Attitude
• Fold Asymmetry- vergence
• Kinematic Models
– Flexural folding
• Buckling
• Bending
• Flexural Slip Folding
• Forced folds
– Shear folding
• Ductile flow
• Controls on fold wavelength
– Thickness
– Mechanical contrast
Why do we care about folds? Folded Rock
Syncline Anticline
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