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The objectives of this course are to introduce the developmental history of the subject of psychology, to prepare students to appreciate and use more advanced materials of psychology and to provide the basic and the most modern knowledge related to psychology. This lecture includes: Need, Confine, Independence, Perfection, Power, Exploiting, Prestige, Ambition, Admiration, Hoarding
Typology: Exercises
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Lesson 35 NEO-FREUDIANS Karen Horney She was an American psychoanalyst and is classified as a Neo-Freudian. Horney was a pioneering theorist in personality, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Karen Horney offered a list of ten neurotic needs which are:
Erich Fromm Erich Fromm is another psychoanalyst who was trained in classical Freudian mode but later developed his own theory and system. Born in 1900 and died in 1980, he worked and practiced in Chicago and New York, U.S.A. In his famous book “Escape from Freedom” written in 1941 he proclaimed his break from Freud and classical psychoanalysis. Fromm asserted in the book that man has become free, but he longs to become dependent, and longs to belong; this is man’s dilemma. It means that although man has become free, he has experienced freedom from the terms/requisites of the society, yet the internal desire to be affiliated with someone still exists. In other words, man wants to be related to a group which becomes his identity. This forms the basis of a society. Further, this craving to belong may also be to have affection from someone. Fromm said that this need for freedom and dependence creates orientations. Orientations are relatively prominent forms in which we spend our energy. He identified five orientations: i. Receptive orientation Receptive orientation is represented in a submissive and meek attitude. This means that man tends to accept what is being enforced upon him in order to satisfy his desire to belong to someone or some group. ii. Exploitative orientation Exploitative orientation means to be aggressive and using others for own purposes. This orientation entails that a person makes use of others for achieving his personal motives, which may not be in other person’s interest. iii. Hoarding orientation Hoarding orientation is represented in distrust for others and rigidity shown by a person. In other words, a person who feels that he cannot trust others tends to keep everything with himself. He also becomes rigid in his approach not letting anything change his dispositions. iv. Marketing orientation Marketing orientation is represented when the person adopts socially approved ways of behaviour and dealing with others and sells himself. In other words the person behaves in a manner which is liked by others. Therefore, he markets himself in front of others. v. Productive Orientation Productive orientation is the healthy way of life. This is the way of life where the individual realizes his full potential. The first four are neurotic orientations. In later life Fromm became more of a social philosopher than a psychoanalyst and wrote and delivered lectures on his view of psychology and society.