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KANSAS TURF PEST CONTROL CATEGORY 3B EXAM
| ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
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ANSWERS
The following practices will help maintain overall turfgrass health and prevent disease development: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Select appropriate turfgrass species and varieties, provide adequate drainage, provide appropriate fertility, avoid compaction, prevent excessive thatch, use appropriate mowing heights, and improve airflow and light availability Provide appropriate turfgrass species and varieties: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Use quality seed and plant at recommended seeding rates. Do not plant grasses that are not adapted to your area Provide adequate drainage: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Excessive moisture can damage roots and affect overall plant health Provide appropriate fertility: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Soil samples. It is essential to find a balance and to fertilize at the appropriate time of the year. Some diseases thrive when fertility is too low, and some thrive when fertility is too high. Avoid compaction: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Core-aerate compacted areas. Compacted soil decreases the oxygen supply to roots and interferes with water movement, reducing plant health.
Coring: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A form of cultivation in which a machine with hollow tines is used to remove soil cores Prevent excessive thatch: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Overly thick thatch is a common problem in turf stands with symptoms that can be confused with diseases Use appropriate mowing heights: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Mowing to high reduces green tissue, reducing the plants ability to conduct photosynthesis. Mow grass frequently so that no more than ______ to ______ of the leaf area is removed at any one time. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 1/4, 1/ Mowing heights for tall fescue or Kentucky bluegrass lawns: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------2 to 3 1/2 inches is recommended Mowing heights for zoysiagrass or bermudagrass: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1 to 2 inches is recommended Improve airflow and light availability: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Thinning or removal of surrounding shrubs and trees allows sunlight to penetrate and increases air flow
Brown patch is also more severe on turfgrass that is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Under high nitrogen fertilization Symptoms of brown patch: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Appears as irregular shaped patches of blighted turfgrass that range in size from a few inches to several feet in diameter. Initially is purple-green but quickly fades to light brown. When grass is wet, the diseased patches frequently have dark, purplish margins ( smoke rings). What is included in turfgrass management? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Proper grass selection, mowing, thatch control An example of a cool season grass is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Bluegrass What causes most turfgrass diseases in the Midwest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fungi The following practices can help prevent the development of disease: ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Improve airflow and light availability, select appropriate turf species, provide appropriate fertility The first step in the control of any turfgrass disease is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Accurate diagnosis
To diagnose turfgrass diseases, the following is important: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Review cultural and chemical practices, determining the overall distribution of the disease, observe symptoms on individual plants Leaf spot and melting-out disease is caused by a: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fungus From a distance, rust-infected turf appears: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Dull yellow Powdery mildew can be reduced by: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Pruning trees and shrubs to increase sunlight In order to manage large patch fungus, it is important to: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Avoid overwatering in fall and early spring Spring dead spot is the most common and destructive disease of: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bermudagrass Fairy ring is caused by: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fungi Necrotic ring spot symptoms may be confused with summer patch and ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fairy ring
Home lawns comprise by far: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The greatest amount of turfgrass acreage Turfgrass is maintained for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Beautification, recreation, erosion control, and utility Turf management involves: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Selecting the right grass, proper mowing, watering, fertilizing and controlling thatch Cultural practices are the key to: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Maintaining turf quality and preventing problems What affects growth? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Climate, soil, management, pest control and selection of adapted species Geographically, Kansas is in the transition zone between the: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Northern cool-season grass range and the southern warm season grass range Cool-season grasses examples: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Bluegrass, tall fescue and ryegrass
Warm-season grasses examples: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and buffalograss Water management (both foliar and soul) is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------The key to disease control Watering _________ and _________ is better than watering lightly and frequently. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Deeply, infrequently Management of brown patch: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Do not over fertilize ( apply majority of nitrogen fertilizer in fall), do not fertilize when brown patch is active, do not irrigate in late afternoon or evenings, promote good air circulation, a preventive fungicide application program is usually necessary to prevent the outbreak of brown patch on golf course putting greens during the summer months (June through August), perennial ryegrass fairways and certain high maintenance tall fescue lawns. In other cases, fungicide treatments may be applied at first appearance of symptoms. Dollar spot: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Caused by the fungus Sclerotinia homoeocarpa and occurs on all turf grasses in Kansas. It is most problematic on creeping bentgrass fairways and putting greens. Dollar spot damage is most severe if: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----There is a nitrogen deficiency Symptoms of dollar spot: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Formation of small, roughly circular, bleached patches of turf. In lawn
Fairy ring symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Type 1, and 3 fairy rings. Range in diameter from a few inches to 50 feet or more, and they can expand over time (several inches to a few feet per year). Fairy ring management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------In many cases fairy rings do not actually damage turfgrass. Symptoms are temporary and no management is needed. In lawns or landscaping, if type 2 fairy rings are unsightly, the green rings can be masked with light fertilizer applications. Mushrooms or puffballs can be mowed down. In golf course putting greens, adequate fertility can prevent rings from occurring. Large patch of Zoysiagrass: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Also called zoysia patch, is caused by a fungus called rhizoctonia solani. Large patch is most common in early spring and late fall. Large patch of Zoysiagrass symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Relatively large, roughly circular patches (2 to 20 feet in diameter) with slightly matted areas of discolored turfgrass. Patch margins bright orange in wet conditions. Individual shoots within the patch develop pinpoint, reddish- brown to black lesions on basal leaf sheaths. Must dig up plant near patch border and look at crown to see lesions. Large patch of Zoysiagrass management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Avoid overwatering. Poorly drained areas are very susceptible to injury from large patch. Core aeration or verticutting in June or July helps reduce thatch accumulation and invigorates turfgrass. Several fungicides will help suppress large patch development. Timing of application is critical to good disease control. Preventive applications in mid-to late- September. A second fungicide application in mid- to late- April.
Leaf spot and melting out: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Caused by several different fungi. The most common on Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue in Kansas is Drechslera poae. Most common in spring and fall. Leaf spot and melting out symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Fungus infects young succulent leaf tissue and causes small elliptical, purple spots. Eventually spots turn light gray or tan but remain bordered by a dark brown to purple margin. Leaf spot phase usually doe not damage plant significantly. During continuous cool, wet conditions, fungus invades. Increased daytime temps begin to turn plant light green or yellow. Eventually plant dies and turns brown or straw colored. This is the "melting out" phase. Leaf spot and melting out management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------The most effective means of controlling melting- out is to plant resistant cultivars. Use a blend of 3 or more cultivars. Consider an over seeding program. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization in spring but do not "starve" the lawn of nitrogen. A well balanced fertilization program will reduce the severity of the disease. Thatch reduction will also help reduce disease severity. Fungicide application on lawns with history of leaf spot starting in spring when symptoms are first apparent, usually late March through April. THIS DISEASE IS VERY DIFFICULT TO CONTROL ONCE THE MELTING-OUT PHASE HAS BEGUN. Necrotic ringspot: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Root disease caused by the soilbourne fungus Ophiosphaerella korrae. Primarily a problem of Kentucky bluegrass, but also may be found on red fescue and annual bluegrass. Necrotic ringspot symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Symptoms usually appear in late Spring or early fall. Disease is worse
may be beneficial at sites with a history of disease or newly seeded turfgrass. Apply fungicide starting in late fall (November) when daytime temperatures remain below 60 degrees and the weather is wet. Additional applications may be required during winter and spring when cool, wet weather persist. Powdery Mildew: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cases by the fungus Blumeria graminis, primarily a problem of Kentucky bluegrass in Kansas. Most common in shaded areas of lawn. Occurs in late spring and early fall when relative humidity is high and temperatures are cool. Powdery mildew symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Powdery-like fungal growth develops on leaf surface. Leaves often turn yellow and wither. Bluegrass lawns heavily infected tend to be thin. Powdery mildew management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Prune shrubs and trees to allow greater sunlight and airflow. Avoid excess nitrogen. Consider renovating to a more shade tolerant variety. Pythium foliar blight: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sometimes called cottony blight, is one of the most destructive turfgrass diseases. It is called by several species of pythium. Most commonly affected are perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass. Tall fescue is occasionally damaged but damage to warm-season turfgrass is rare. Most active in humid, wet summer weather when air temperatures are high. Pythium foliar blight symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- First develops as small, irregularly-shaped, water soaked, greasy patches up to 4 inches in diameter. A cottony growth may be present in morning.
Most likely to occur in wet areas or drainage flows. May spread very rapidly, killing large areas in a few days or even over night. Pythium foliar blight management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Maintain proper balance of nutrients, avoiding excess nitrogen that stimulates lush growth. Do not over water. Improve all drainage. Promote air movement. Delay seeding until weather is cool and dry. Preventive fungicide applications may be beneficial for high maintain with turfgrass with a history of pythium blight. Rusts: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Occurs to some extent on all turfgrass. Generally most severe on susceptible cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass, tal fescue, perennial ryegrass and Zoysiagrass. Rust fungi includes several species in the genus Puccinia species and is host specific (I.e...rust to Zoysiagrass is different from rust to Kentucky bluegrass). Occurs in spring or fall, normally in late August to early September and continues through the fall months. Rusts symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Appears dull yellow or light brown. More severe in partially shaded areas. Diseases plants initially develop light yellow flecks on the leaves. As spots enlarge, the surface of leaf rupture, exposing masses of powdery, brick-red fungal spores. Continuous heavy infection causes grass blades to turn yellow, wither and die. Rusts management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Turfgrass provided with appropriate levels of fertilizer and water are less likely to be damaged. Irrigate early in the morning. When establishing new plants select varieties that are resistant to rust.
Slime mold management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------They do not damage the grass and do not require specific management. Easily removed by raking or hosing off affected turfgrass. Summer patch: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Root disease caused by soilbourne fungus Magnaporthe poae. Can be serious in Kentucky bluegrass and annual bluegrass. Summer patch symptoms: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Initially small patches of turf turn dull green (2 to 6 inches). Eventually, foliage changes to dull reddish brown, then tan, and finally straw color. The crowns and roots may show a slight greenish-brown to black discoloration. The final stage of the disease blighted areas form through out lawn. These patches may form elongated streaks, crescents, or circles 2 feet or more in diameter. Characteristic "frogeye" pattern. Summer patch management: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Extremely difficult to control. Several cultural practices will help suppress disease development. A balanced fertilization program is important. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization in summer. Acidifying fertilizers may reduce disease. Maintain appropriate mowing height. Reduce thatch. Seriously diseased turf should be lightly watered, daily in early afternoon. Preventative fungicide applications may be effective in suppressing symptoms (soil temp at 3 inch depth reach 65 degrees for several days). Several applications may be required. Applications after symptoms have developed are not effective. Environmental stresses-chemical burn: ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Improper application causing damage to grass from pesticides, fertilizers, household products and other chemicals causing burnt or scorched areas. Follow direction on packaging labels to prevent injury. Apply fertilizer in even amounts using calibrated applicator.
Environmental stresses- nutrient deficiency: ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Chlorosis (yellowing) is usually caused by nitrogen deficiency or iron deficiency. Follow recommended fertility practices. Submit soil samples for nutrient testing. Environmental stresses- buried debris: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Dig it up and remove debri to improve soil. Environmental stresses- compacted areas: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Aerate soil. Reduce traffic by putting in designated walkways, paths, fences or shrub rows. Environmental stresses- algae: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Green to blackish slime forms on low, wet, shaded or heavily used compacted areas. Algae dries to form thin black crust. Maintain thick turfgrass for prevention. Reduce compaction, improve drainage, provide proper water and nutrients. Conduct other agronomic practices. Environmental stresses- moss: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Like algae. Reduce compaction, improve drainage, provide appropriate water and nutrients. Conduct other good agronomic practices. Environmental stresses: animal urine injury: ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Resembles brown patch or dollar spot, causing town or straw colored grass that usually dies. Heavy watering helps flush the salts from spots (up to a foot or more in diameter).
