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Jury Psychology: Factors Influencing Juror Decision-Making, Exams of Physics

Savannah State University (SSU)Physics

Various aspects of jury psychology and the factors that influence juror decision-making. It covers topics such as the stages of jury deliberations, the impact of pre-trial publicity, the role of authoritarianism, the effects of juror note-taking, and the comprehension of judicial instructions. Insights into how jurors evaluate evidence, the influence of extra-evidentiary factors, and the differences between evidence-driven and verdict-driven juries. It also discusses research on the relationship between jury verdicts and authoritarianism, as well as the effects of juror questions and simplified instructions. Overall, this document offers a comprehensive overview of the psychological processes and contextual factors that shape jury decision-making.

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2023/2024

Available from 10/21/2024

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Psych 3CC3 midterm 2 quiz Test Bank
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Eyewitness testimony
We described a number of encoding, or storage/retrival factors that contribute to
memory errors. Which of the following was NOT an encoding factor we mentioned?
a. exposure duration
b. arousal level
c. distraction
d. inferences
e. all of the above are encoding errors
We described the study by Wise et al (2009) that aske prosecutors and defense
attorneys to evaluate the truth of statements about eyewitness testimony. The
results of this study indicated that:
a. defense attorneys were more accurate than prosecutors in judging the truth
of statements about eyewitness testimony
The value of using signal detection measures of d’ or AUC as measures of witness
accuracy is that:
They both assess discriminability separate from response bias
A set of eigenfaces:
1. are mathematical descriptions of face elements that can be combined to
reproduce any face in a face-space.
2. is a set of faces constructed by randomly varying elements of a witnesses
likeness (or description) of an offender.
3. is a set of faces which, when combined in any way, always produces a existing
member of a face-space.
4. is a set of idealized faces from which the closest match to an offender can be
chosen.
5. none of the above
The U.S. Department of Justice Report of 1999 made a number of recommendations
designed to improve the accuracy of live lineups. Which of the following
was NOT one of those recommendations?
1. There should be only one suspect in each lineup.
2. Instructions to the witness should clearly indicate that the offender might not be
present.
3. Foils should be selected using a match-to-suspect procedure.
4. There should be at least four foils in the lineup.
5. All of the above ARE recommendations of the 1999 Report
We distinguished biased from unbiased lineup instructions by noting
that biased lineup instructions:
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Download Jury Psychology: Factors Influencing Juror Decision-Making and more Exams Physics in PDF only on Docsity!

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

Eyewitness testimony We described a number of encoding, or storage/retrival factors that contribute to memory errors. Which of the following was NOT an encoding factor we mentioned? a. exposure duration b. arousal level c. distraction d. inferences e. all of the above are encoding errors We described the study by Wise et al (2009) that aske prosecutors and defense attorneys to evaluate the truth of statements about eyewitness testimony. The results of this study indicated that: a. defense attorneys were more accurate than prosecutors in judging the truth of statements about eyewitness testimony The value of using signal detection measures of d’ or AUC as measures of witness accuracy is that: They both assess discriminability separate from response bias A set of eigenfaces:

  1. are mathematical descriptions of face elements that can be combined to reproduce any face in a face-space.
  2. is a set of faces constructed by randomly varying elements of a witnesses likeness (or description) of an offender.
  3. is a set of faces which, when combined in any way, always produces a existing member of a face-space.
  4. is a set of idealized faces from which the closest match to an offender can be chosen.
  5. none of the above The U.S. Department of Justice Report of 1999 made a number of recommendations designed to improve the accuracy of live lineups. Which of the following was NOT one of those recommendations?
  6. There should be only one suspect in each lineup.
  7. Instructions to the witness should clearly indicate that the offender might not be present.
  8. Foils should be selected using a match-to-suspect procedure.
  9. There should be at least four foils in the lineup.
  10. All of the above ARE recommendations of the 1999 Report We distinguished biased from unbiased lineup instructions by noting that biased lineup instructions:

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. put pressure on the witness to make a choice.
  2. do not explicitly indicate that the offender might not be present.

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. only a verbal description of the offender's face, not any other face, produces the effect.
  2. none of the above

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

Which of the following statements about offender identifications from mug book pictures is NOT TRUE?

  1. A person incorrectly identified as the offender from a mug book photo is more likely to be selected in a subsequent live lineup.
  2. Vewing mug book photos reduces the probability that the offender will be correctly identified in a subsequent lineup, even if the offender's picture was not in the mug book.
  3. The later in a mug book the offender's picture appears, the less likely it is to be identified.
  4. The offender is less likely to be identified correctly the more mug book pictures the witness has viewed.
  5. all of the above are TRUE In discussing field tests of Photofit or Identikit composites we noted that:
  6. composites were more likely to be rated as ?useful' or ?very useful' to the solution of solved crimes than they were to be rated 'not very useful' or 'no use at all'.
  7. composites were considered to be entirely responsible for the solution of about 5% of solved crimes.
  8. composites were rated as ?no use at all' or ?not very useful' to the solution of about 45% of solved crimes.
  9. in Israel, Identikit composites made a significant contribution to the solution of about 10% of crimes in which a conviction was obtained.
  10. all of the above Lab tests of the accuracy of Photofit composites by Haydn Ellis and his colleagues indicate that:
  11. independent judges are able to select the photo from which a Photofit likeness was drawn on slightly more than 35% of trials.
  12. Photofit composites are more accurate guides to an offender's description than are verbal descriptions.
  13. Photofit likenesses created from a photograph of the target are more accurate than likenesses created from memory.
  14. Photofit likenesses from same-race witnesses are more accurate than those from different-race witnesses.
  15. None of the above In the Loftus & Palmer (1974) study, participants were asked to estimate the speed of cars they had seen in an accident film, and a week later were asked questions about what they had seen at the scene of the accident. Which of the following was NOT a result of the study?

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. Participants were more likely to say they had seen glass at the scene of the accident if their initial speed estimate was high than if it was low.
  2. Participants gave higher initial speed estimates if they were asked about a? crash' than if they been asked about a ?collision'.
  3. Participants were more likely to say they had seen glass at the scene of the accident if they had earlier been asked about a ?crash' than if they been asked about a ?collision'.
  4. Participants were more likely to say they had seen glass at the scene of the accident if they were asked a week after viewing the accident than if they were asked two weeks after viewing the accident. The effects of weapon focus on eyewitness memory can best be seen as an example of:
  5. inattentional blindness
  6. change blindness
  7. Yerkes-Dodson overload
  8. source monitoring failure
  9. none of the above In eyewitness identification, the phenomenon of memory transference refers to the observation that
  10. a witness may mistakenly identify someone else who was at the scene of the crime as the offender.
  11. a witness who discuss the crime with another witness, may adopt the other witness's memories into their own account of the crime.
  12. a witness may mistakenly assume an offender looks familiar because she has seen him somewhere other than at the scene of the crime (e.g., at a store, or at the witnesses workplace.)
  13. a witness may insert into her recollection of the crime an event that actually occurred earlier or later on the same day.
  14. none of the above In considering eyewitness estimates of an offender's height and weight we noted that:
  15. witnesses tend to underestimate offenders' height and weight.
  16. witnesses tend to judge the height and weight of others in relation to their own.
  17. witnesses tend to overestimate lower weights and heights and underestimate higher weights and heights.
  18. their accuracy is hard to determine, since most studies allow a range of errors in determining accuracy.
  19. all of the above

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

In discussing the relationships between identification accuracy and identification confidence we noted that:

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. all of the above are TRUE The most common lineup configuration in actual police practice is:

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. simultaneous presentation with foils chosen to match the actual appearance of the suspect.
  2. sequential presentation with foils chosen to match the actual appearance of the suspect.
  3. simultaneous presentation with foils chosen to match the verbal description of the offender given by the witness.
  4. sequential presentation with foils chosen to match the verbal description of the offender given by the witness.
  5. all configurations are about equally common in practice As I indicated in lecture, recent work by Macrae & Lewis (2002) suggests that the verbal overshadowing effect occurs because:
  6. asking for a verbal description engages verbal processing, and inhibits the use of nonverbal processes involved in visual identification.
  7. verbal encoding of the description interferes with later retrieval of original image ('retrieval-based interference').
  8. giving a verbal description engages a local processing mode, whereas visual identification requires a global processing mode.
  9. the verbal description is recoded visually, modifying and interfering with the original visual image.
  10. none of the above Witnesses who repeatedly relate their stories between an event and their final recall of it:
  11. recall more central and peripheral details of the event than do witnesses who are not questioned between the event and final recall.
  12. are less likely to recall false memories compared with witnesses who are not questioned between the event and final recall
  13. are less likely to experience failures of source monitoring than are witnesses who are not questioned between the event and final recall
  14. recall more central details, but fewer peripheral details, than do witnesses who are not questioned between the event and final recall.
  15. none of the above Which of the following statements about the effects of biased lineup instructions is NOT TRUE?
  16. Biased instructions increase the probability of hits in target-present lineups.
  17. Biased instructions increase the probability of false alarms in target-absent lineups.
  18. Biased instructions decrease the probability of hits in target-absent lineups.
  19. Biased instructions decrease the probability of misses in target-present lineups.

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. when participants created Mac-a-Mug composites of former teachers and classmates, other classmates who knew the people in composites were able to name the person depicted less than 5% of the time.
  2. judges were able to match Mac-a-Mug composites (drawn by a skilled operator from life) to photos of the target with more than 70% accuracy.
  3. judges were able to match participant's Mac-a-Mug composites to photos of the target less than 5% of the time.
  4. participants Mac-a-Mug composites of a stranger were by judges as being not at all similar (1 or 2 on a 10-point likeness scale) to a picture of the stranger.
  5. all of the above Lab tests of the accuracy of Photofit composites by Haydn Ellis and his colleagues indicate that:
  6. verbal descriptions of an offender are a better guide to likeness than Photofit composites.
  7. Photofit likenesses created from a photograph of the target are no more accurate than likenesses created from memory.
  8. independent judges are able to select the photo from which a Photofit likeness was drawn on fewer than 25% of trials.
  9. Photofit likenesses from same-race witnesses are more accurate than those from different-race witnesses.
  10. all of the above In discussing the E-fit composite program we noted that:
  11. comparisons revealed the accuracy of E-fit composites to be significantly better than those from Mac-a-Mug only when the composite was drawn from photographs.
  12. unlike other composite systems, it involves an extensive interview with the witness, and construction of the composite is cued by specific multiple-choice questions.
  13. unlike most other composite systems, it includes instructions for its use.
  14. unlike other composite systems, it uses photographic-quality features.
  15. all of the above Overall, studies of offender descriptions provided by witnesses to actual crimes indicate that:
  16. witnesses tend to provide only a small number of details (i.e., fewer than 10) about the offender's appearance.
  17. witnesses provide more detail about the outer features of the face (e.g., hair style, color) than about inner features (e.g., eyes, nose).
  18. witnesses tend to provide more details about permanent characteristics (e.g.,

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

age, height, gender) than about temporary characteristics (e.g., clothing).

  1. witnesses descriptions of facial features are not very accurate.
  2. all of the above

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

in their judgement is already high (above 70%)

  1. eyewitness confidence increases if they receive confirming feedback from the police or other witnesses, and decreases if they receive disconfirming feedback.

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

Latest Updated 2024/

  1. eyewitness confidence tends to be highest immediately after the identification, and to decline as the date of their trial testimony gets closer.
  2. more than one of the above Research on lineup identification accuracy as a function of the number of foils (non- suspects) present suggest that:
  3. accuracy increases between 3 and 6 foils (plus the suspect), remains constant between 6 and 12 foils, and decreases with more than 12 foils.
  4. accuracy does not increase beyond 3 foils (plus the suspect).
  5. accuracy increases between 3 and 12 foils (plus the suspect), but does not increase beyond that.
  6. accuracy increases between 3 and 6 foils (plus the suspect), but does not increase beyond that.
  7. none of the above Principle component analysis (PCA):
  8. is a way of constructing an offender composite based on a genetic algorithm.
  9. is a way of characterizing the relationship between an offender's appearance and the identifications of the offender made from mug books, lineups, or composite drawings.
  10. is a mathematical way of defining a face-space
  11. is a mathematical way of defining a single face.
  12. none of the above In discussing the relationship between identification accuracy and identification latency, we noted that:
  13. in general, accurate identifications are made more quickly than incorrect identifications.
  14. some evidence suggests that accuracy is higher for latencies between 10 and 12 or 15 seconds.
  15. identifications at both very short (<10 seconds) and very long (45-60 seconds) have higher accuracy than identifications at other latencies.
  16. shorter identification latencies (<15 seconds) are associated with higher accuracy only for identifications made with confidence levels of 90% or higher.
  17. both a and b When individuals are asked to imagine events that they never actually experienced:
  18. the more imaginary events they imagine, the less likely they are to believe that any one of those events actually occurred.
  19. their confidence that the event actually occurred increases with the number of times it is imagined.
  20. their confidence that the event actually occurred increases with the amount of

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

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  1. more then one of the above Studies on the effects of reinstating the original context (i.e., imagining or being at the original crime scene) on eyewitness identification suggest that:
  2. there may be a higher rate of incorrect identifications (false alarms) from target- absent lineups when the original crime context is reinstated.
  3. there is no clear evidence that simply imagining the original crime context improves the accuracy of eyewitness identification.
  4. context reinstatement increases the chance that the witness will make a choice in any lineup, but does not increase overall identification accuracy.
  5. there may be a higher rate of correct identifications (hits) from target-present lineups when the original crime context is reinstated.
  6. all of the above

If we compare simultaneous lineup presentation with sequential presentation we find that:

  1. simultaneous presentation leads to more false alarms in suspect-present lineups, but fewer false alarms in suspect-absent lineups.
  2. sequential presentation leads to fewer false alarms in target-absent lineups, and more hits from target-present lineups.
  3. sequential presentation leads to more false alarms in target-present lineups, but fewer false alarms from target-absent lineups.
  4. simultaneous presentation leads to more false alarms in both suspect-present and suspect absent lineups.
  5. more than one of the above Criminal Profiling In the Holmes & Holmes model, the rapist believes he is entitled to rape because of his dominance.
  6. power reassurance
  7. power assertion
  8. sadistic
  9. anger retaliation
  10. none of the above The first stage of the FBI's Model of offender profiling would include:
  11. gathering physical evidence such as blood spatters, footprints, and objects left at the crime scene.

Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

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  1. integrating the physical evidence into a synopsis of the crime.
  2. examining preliminary police reports and crime scene photographs.
  3. determining the identity, personality, and life style of the victim.