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The elections of 1824 and 1828 in the context of jacksonian democracy, a period marked by the rise of the 'common man' and increased democracy. The controversial elections, jackson's inauguration, the spoils system, indian removal, and the nullification crisis. It highlights the glorification of the common man, the removal of property requirements for voting, and the increase in voter turnout.
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§ Election of 1824: Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams. Jackson gets the largest number of electoral votes and popular votes but does not get a majority. “A corrupt bargain:” Henry Clay throws his support to Adams who wins the presidency, Clay is then appointed Secretary of State. § Election of 1828: “ The people’s voice needs to be heard.” Election gets dirty and personal (mudslinging). Voter turnout soars: 1824 300,000 votes cast à 1828 1.1 million votes cast. Age of the Common Man § Jackson’s inauguration turns into a celebration of the “common man” § westerner: uneducated, tough, frontiersman, Indian killer, a duelist, a brawler, a war hero, born in poverty in the backwoods to immigrant parents § Americans can identify with him and also look up to him, a typical American An Increase in Democracy § glorification of the “common man” à belief that ordinary citizens would govern themselves § More Americans have become part of the democratic process § property requirements for voting were removed
Spoils System: rewarded friends and supporters with political jobs. “To the victor goes the spoils.” Allowed more citizens to take part in government Power of the Veto: Jackson uses the power of the veto more than the 6 previous presidents combined Indian Removal: Jackson favors relocating all of the Indians in the East to Indian Territory in the West (Oklahoma Territory – west of the Mississippi River). § Cherokee nation of Georgia resists removal. They had become civilized and established their own government (United States had recognized their sovereignty). § Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Supreme Court rules in favor of Cherokee, cannot be removed from their land. o “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it” – Jackson § Trail of Tears: 15,000 Cherokee forcibly removed from Georgia. 4,000 die from disease, starvation, cold, fatigue Tariff of Abominations: 1828 high tariff passed by Congress that favored northern manufacturing at the expense of the South. South Carolina Exposition and Protest: essay written by John C. Calhoun rejecting nationalism and supporting states’ rights – argues states can nullify (cancel, reject) a law they find unconstitutional. Nullification Crisis: Tariff of 1832 reduces tariff but South Carolina takes action, nullifies the tariff and threatens to secede. § Force Bill (1833): Authorized President to take action in S.C. and enforce the collection of the tariff. Warns SC of treason. Compromise of 1833: lowers tariff and reduces tension. Civil War is avoided. Jackson, though a supporter of states’ rights, rejects nullification and preserves the Union. The Bank War: Second National Bank created in 1816 (McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819, rules the bank constitutional). Jackson opposes the bank – feels that its controlled by the rich and a threat to the common man. Jackson kills the bank – vetoes the charter. Sees himself as representing the people. Jackson vs. Biddle (President of the bank): Jackson removes federal funds from the Bank and deposits them in state ‘pet banks’ Panic of 1837: ease of credit in pet banks led to rise of speculation of public lands – Specie Circular 1836 required payment for pubic lands in hard money (gold and silver). Resulted in the economic recession. Rise of the Whigs: begins as an anti Jackson movement, supported by educated and wealth professionals. “King Andrew” is abusing his power In the Election of 1840 the Whigs run William Henry Harrison – brings political campaigning to new heights (“The Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign.”) William Henry Harrison wins the Election. Largest voter turnout in history (80%).