Latin Grammar: Declensions, Adjectives, Verbs, and Tenses, Slides of Latin language

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• September 22nd,

Singular

 Nom – um.

 Gen – i.

 Dat – o.

 Acc – um.

 Abl – o.

Plural

 Nom – a.

 Gen – orum.

 Dat – is.

 Acc – a.

 Abl – is.

 Cf. Wheelock, pp. 24-25.

 Like some second declension masculine nouns that

end in – er in the nominative singular, some first and

second declension adjectives also end in – er in the

masculine, nominative singular.

 Otherwise decline like any 1st^ or 2nd^ declension

adjective.

 Cf. Wheelock, p. 33.

 Adjectives that modify a noun are attributive adjectives.

 Substantives = Adjectives used as nouns.

 Bona = “good” OR “a good woman” OR “good things.”

 Boni = “good” OR “the good men” etc.

 If an adjective stands alone (i.e. Does not modify a noun) it might be a substantive.

 Always pay attention to the gender and number.

 Cf. Wheelock, p. 27

 Sum is an intransitive verb (i.e. It takes no direct object).

 Copulative verb (i.e. Connects two elements in a sentence).

 The copulative verb “to be” equates the subject of a sentence with its predicate (i.e. Caesar is a great man – Caesar est vir magnus OR Caesar est magnus ).

 Note that the predicate adjective (and/or noun) agrees with the subject in number and case) – Amicae sunt bonae = The girlfriends are good.

 Note that in cases of multiple subjects the predicate adjective agrees with the closest one, although often the masculine is used (i.e. The boy and girl are good – Puer et puella sunt boni .).

 Future tense of first two conjugations characterized by verb stem + bi + personal endings (-o, -s, -t, - mus, -tis,- nt).

Laudo, -are (to praise).

 1 st^ – Lauda bo = I shall praise.

 2 nd^ – Lauda bis = You will praise.

 3 rd^ – Lauda bit = He/She/It will praise.

 1 st^ – Lauda bimus = We shall praise.

 2 nd^ – Lauda bitis = You will praise.

 3 rd^ – Lauda bunt = They will praise.

 Moneo, -ere (to advise).

 1 st^ – Mone bo – I shall advise.

 2 nd^ – Mone bis = You will advise.

 3 rd^ – Mone bit = He/She/It will advise.

 1 st^ – Mone bimus = We shall advise.

 2 nd^ – Mone bitis = You will advise.

 3 rd^ – Mone bunt = They will advise.

 Imperfect comes from imperfectum “incomplete.”

 Connotes action in the past that is ongoing, as opposed to action in the past that simply completed.

Examples:

 Caesar conquered Gaul (Perfect – completed action).

BUT

 Caesar was conquering Gaul (Imperfect – incomplete or ongoing action).

 Translate as “was _ing” OR “used to _.”

 Imperfect tense for 1st^ and 2nd^ conjugations characterized by: verb stem

• ba + personal endings.