Latin Verb Conjugation and Noun Declension: Person, Number, Tense, Mood, Voice, and Cases, Slides of Latin language

Download Latin Verb Conjugation and Noun Declension: Person, Number, Tense, Mood, Voice, and Cases and more Slides Latin language in PDF only on Docsity!

• September 15th,

5 primary characteristics.

 Person (1st^ person, 2nd^ person, 3rd^ person).

 Number (singular, plural).

 Tense (present, past, future).

 Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative).

 Voice (active, passive).

 To “parse” a verb means to list its person, number,

mood, tense, and voice.

 To “conjugate” a verb is to list its forms according to

person and number according to its specific tense,

mood, and voice.

 1 st^ singular = I praise.

 2 nd^ singular = You praise.

 3 rd^ singular = She/He/It praises.

 1 st^ plural = We praise.

 2 nd^ plural = You praise.

 3 rd^ plural = They praise.

 NOTE: English requires the presence of the pronoun

or an otherwise stated subject.

 Latin does not always require the subject to be explicitly stated.

 Determined by personal verb endings.

Personal Endings in the Present Indicative Active.

 1 st^ singular = - o or - m.

 2 nd^ singular = - s.

 3 rd^ singular = - t.

 1 st^ plural = - mus.

 2 nd^ plural = - tis

 3 rd^ plural = - nt.

 Personal endings are added to the verb stem.

Laudare – Stem = Lauda-

 1 st^ sing. – Laud o – I praise.

 2 nd^ sing. – Laud as – Your

praise.

 3 rd^ sing. – Laud at – She/He/It

praises.

 1 st^ pl. – Laud amus - We

praise.

 2 nd^ pl. – Laud atis – You

praise.

 3 rd^ pl. – Laud ant – They

praise.

 1 st^ sing. – Mon eo – I advise.

 2 nd^ sing. – Mon es – You

advise.

 3 rd^ sing. – Mon et – She/He/It

advises.

 1 st^ pl. – Mon emus – We

advise.

 2 nd^ pl. – Mon etis – You

advise.

 3 rd^ pl. – Mon ent – They

advise.

Monere – Stem = Mone-

 Laudare = 1st^ conjugation verb; characterized by the

infinitive –āre; thus “a” is retained on the verb stem.

 Monere = 2nd^ conjugation verb; characterized by the

infinitive –ēre; thus “e” is retained on the verb stem.

 A subject need not always be present in the sentence; often

implied by the verb ending ( i.e. “I praise the dog” = “ Ego canem laudo ” OR “ Canem laudo .”

 The present tense can be translated two ways (i.e. Laudo =

“ I praise ” OR “ I am praising ”); context will determine which translation is required.

 Role of a noun and/or adjective in a sentence

determined by its “case” not by word order.

 Latin has 7 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative,

Accusative, Ablative, Vocative, Locative.

 To list all the forms of a noun/adjective according to its

cases is called “declension.”

 Latin has 5 declensions (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd^ etc); Each

declension follows a specific pattern; learn to

recognize the pattern.

 Nouns/adjectives also possess one of three genders:

Feminine, Masculine, and Neuter.

 Nominative – Always the subject of the sentence.

 Accusative – Direct object (except after certain prepositions, esp. motion toward).

 Genitive – Usually the possessive case; translate with “of” (i.e. The book of the poet OR the poet’s book).

 Dative – Indirect object; indicate for whom/what or to whose advantage a certain action is performed; translate as “to” or “for –” (i.e. The poet gave the roses to the girl. He sacrificed his life for his country .); certain verbs take dative objects.

 Ablative – An adverbial case because it describes the means or the agent by which an action was done (i.e. He shouted with great anger ); accompaniment (i.e. She went to Italy with her father .); place where or from which (i.e. He departed from Greece to look for Caesar); time when or within which (i.e. On the ides of March Caesar met his end); following certain prepositions (i.e. Ab = by, from, Cum = with, De and Ex = from, in = on). NOTE: For now translate with “by, with, or from” according to context.

 Vocative – Implies an address; highly rhetorical (i.e. Oh Great Caesar....).

Amicus (Friend)

 Nom – Amicus – us.

 Gen – Amicī – ī.

 Dat – Amicō – ō.

 Acc – Amicum – um.

 Abl - Amicō – ō.

 Voc – Amice – e.

 Nom - Amicī – ī.

 Gen – Amicōrum – ōrum.

 Dat – Amicīs. - īs.

 Acc – Amicōs – ōs.

 Abl - Amicīs. - īs.

 Voc - Amicī – ī.

 Nom – Magnus – us.  Gen – Magnī – ī.  Dat – Magnō – ō.  Acc – Magnum – um.  Abl - Magnō – ō.  Voc – Magne – e.

 Nom - Magnī – ī.  Gen – Magnōrum – ōrum.  Dat – Magnīs. - īs.  Acc – Magnōs – ōs.  Abl - Magnīs. - īs.  Voc - Magnī – ī.

Magnus, Magna,

Magnum (Great)

 An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case (i.e. Magnarum portarum – “of the great gates”; cum magnis amicis – “with great friends”).

 Some cases are the same in form; only context which tell you which one to use.

 Memorize declensions; first declension is feminine and is characterized by the “a” attached to the root; second declension is masculine and is characterized by “u” attached to the root.

 Memorize what declension a noun belongs to when you learn that noun.

 Always identify 1. Main verb. 2. Subject (Nominative if expressed at all). 3. Direct object (Accusative) – then fill in the rest.