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Introduction to The Kingdom Fungi - Biology 1 - Introduction |, Lab Reports of Biology

Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (SU)Biology

Material Type: Lab; Class: Biology 1 - Introduction; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Lab Reports

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/15/2009

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BIO 1
Section 3
Dr. Pablo Delis
Student Name
10/29/09
Introduction to the Kingdom Fungi
In this lab, we take a closer look at the Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
The first Phyla observed are the "sac fungi," or Ascomycota. First, we will look at sexual
reproductive in a cup fungus. Asci are the "sacs" that give this fungi its name, but it is
also the reproductive organelle. The ascus is where meiosis occurs and also contains
eight ascospores. We then look at asexual reproduction in a mold while observing a
slide of Penicillium conidia. Penicillium is classified as "Fungi Imperfecti" because there
are no known sexual structures, such as asci or basidia. The third fungi we observe is a
living culture of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observe the yeast culture
growing in a test tube with sucrose solution. Yeast perform asexual reproduction
through budding. They are important in the economic uses of bread, cheese, wine,
beer, and other fermented alcoholic beverages. The fourth fungi we observe is lichens,
which is a symbiotic relationship between a fungi and an autotrophic bacteria. Soredia
are small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae that form during asexual
reproduction of lichens.
The next Phyla observed in this lab is Basidiomycota, or "club fungi." The first
fungi from this Phylum that we will observe is the fruiting body of Agaricus. Agaricus has
a stipe (or stalk), a cap, and lamellae (gills). Basidiomycetes also have basidia, a cell in
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BIO 1

Section 3 Dr. Pablo Delis Student Name 10/29/

Introduction to the Kingdom Fungi

In this lab, we take a closer look at the Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The first Phyla observed are the "sac fungi," or Ascomycota. First, we will look at sexual reproductive in a cup fungus. Asci are the "sacs" that give this fungi its name, but it is also the reproductive organelle. The ascus is where meiosis occurs and also contains eight ascospores. We then look at asexual reproduction in a mold while observing a slide of Penicillium conidia. Penicillium is classified as "Fungi Imperfecti" because there are no known sexual structures, such as asci or basidia. The third fungi we observe is a living culture of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observe the yeast culture growing in a test tube with sucrose solution. Yeast perform asexual reproduction through budding. They are important in the economic uses of bread, cheese, wine, beer, and other fermented alcoholic beverages. The fourth fungi we observe is lichens, which is a symbiotic relationship between a fungi and an autotrophic bacteria. Soredia are small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae that form during asexual reproduction of lichens. The next Phyla observed in this lab is Basidiomycota, or "club fungi." The first fungi from this Phylum that we will observe is the fruiting body of Agaricus. Agaricus has a stipe (or stalk), a cap, and lamellae (gills). Basidiomycetes also have basidia, a cell in

which karyogamy occurs, each of which contain four basidiospores. Meiosis produces basidiospores in sexual reproduction.

Taxonomy and Morphology: Invertebrates through Annelida

The purpose of this lab is to familiarize us with the invertebrate animals and some key characteristics that define the structure of the phylogenetic tree. This lab explains the different levels of organization in animals (cellular, tissue, organ, system), explains the difference between asymmetry, radial and bilateral symmetry in animals, relate symmetry to lifestyle and activity, explain the three types of body cavities found in bilaterally symmetrical animals, explain how the hydrostatic skeleton and body wall musculature interact in locomotion, compare and contrast the adaptations of free-living vs. parasitic animals, and identify major taxa of animals and explain the major characteristics of each group. Each Phylum that will be discussed in this lab has questions to be answered before the lab, and the answers follow here: Phylum Proifera

  1. Cellular; they lack true tissues
  2. A sponge has no symmetry; sponges are sessile and suspension feeders
  3. Because there is no digestive tract to separate
  4. No; amoebocytes take food from the water in the spongocoel and choanocytes and digest it and carry nutrients to other cells. Phylum Cnidaria
  5. Tissue; lack organs and organ systems
  1. Complete gut
  2. Yes; nutrients are transported throughout the body via fluid in the pseudocoelom Phylum Proifera Proifera means "pore-bearing." Sponges compose this Phylum. They have little to no tissue organization and are often considered to be nothing more than an aggregation of cells. There are no germ layers and adults of all species are sessile. They are filter feeders, that is they move water into their canal system by way of ostia. The water moves through the canals into the spongocoel and exits via the osculum. They filter out nutrient materials and oxygen. They also have supporting organic fibers known as spicules. Flagellated choanocytes line the canals and are responsible for the movement of water. The classification scheme is primarily based on the composition and form of the spicules. We then examine three slides examining the Phylum Proifera: a sectioned sponge slide, a slide of sponge spicules, and preserved and dried specimens. Phylum Cnidaria This Phyla has cnidocytes, stinging cells that are characteristic of all organisms of this group. Cnidarians are primarily radial symmetrical organisms. They have two tissue layers, an epidermis and a gastrodermis, thus making them diploblastic. They have an incomplete gut known as a gastrovascular cavity with one opening. Food is absorbed and expelled by this single mouth. Tentacles with cnidocytes provide protection as well as a way to paralyze prey. The stinging cells contain barbs with filament threads and

are coated with neurotoxins. Physical contact with the trigger stimulates the explosive release of this defense system. There are two main types of body form in this group. The polyp form is sessile, while the medusa form is free swimming. In some groups of cnidarians, both the polyp and medusa forms are found. In other groups, one body form may predominate or exclude the other body form. We then examine prepared slides of Hydra and preserved specimens of cnidarians. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms are acoelomate and have a gastrovascular system. The gastrovascular system functions in a similar fashion as the cnidarians. These organisms are triploblastic because they have an epithelium, a gastrovascular cavity, and a muscle and parenchyma derived from the mesoderm.