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Introduction to Sociology 1010 - Fall Exam 1
question and answers
What is Sociology? - correct answerThe scientific study of social structural patterns, causes, consequences, and predictions of all human realities How structures guide us and pattern our behaviors What does Sociology consist of? What are the concepts? - correct answer- Science
- Structural Patterns
- Structural Causes
- Structural Consequences Concept of Sociology -> Science - correct answerUses scientific principles of pattern regularities, empiricism, and objectivity Patterned Regularities: the study of patterns Empiricism: use of observable and verifiable information Objectivity: removal of personal bias from analysis and reporting of inquiry into human behavior Concept of Sociology -> Structural Patterns - correct answerFocuses on understanding structural patterns in human behavior and social conditions Underlining factors
Ex: If you will marry; if so with who, when and why Concept of Sociology -> Structural Causes - correct answerFocuses on understanding and explaining HOW social structures beyond INDIVIDUALS shape human behavior Unconscious and unaware these factors shape/influence us Ex: living in a particular neighborhood, marrying a particular spouse, culture, gender expectations Concept of Sociology -> Structural Consequences - correct answerExplains how structural consequences of our behaviors in one area of life affect our other areas of life, as well as affect the social experiences of others and social structures Ex: pressure of high school students to attend college What are the root words of Sociology? - correct answerSoci and Ology Soci- - correct answerSocius (Latin) Meaning: Companion/Companionship & Associate/Association -ology - correct answerOlogy (Greek) Meaning: study of Lohus (Greek)
Scope of Sociology is... - correct answerCovers human actions and directly applies problem solving in all areas of human experiences All aspects of human actions, a very large discipline, vast in its coverage, provide knowledge that directly applies to problem-solving in all areas of human experiences What is Social Structure? - correct answerEstablish a social framework of norms, values, collective agreements, social arrangements, or social designs that guide and pattern human realities NOT PHYSICAL Ex: driving laws and regulations, corporate rules, government laws and programs What are the four levels of Social Structures? - correct answerMACRO MESO MICRO IDIO Social Structure -> Macro - correct answer- Largest structure
- Impact EVERYONE in society American economy, federal government, religion -> lead to "the study of poverty", "problems of crime and unemployment" Solutions: federal laws and regulations Macro is... - correct answerDOMINANT NATIONAL CULTURE
Social Structure -> Meso - correct answer- Large structures Social forces of regional economies, state economies, regional cultures Ex: studies of the causes and consequences of living in Native American Reservations Meso is... - correct answerREGIONAL SUBCULTURES Macro and Meso Social Structures form... - correct answerMacrosociology Macrosociology is... - correct answerlarge-scale structures and processes, broad social categories, institutions, and social systems Ex: war, unemployment, and divorce Social Structure -> Micro - correct answer- Small Structures Small mid-size organizations like a church or sorority Micro is... - correct answerNEIGHBORHOOD CULTURE Social Structure -> Idio - correct answer- Very Small Structures Ex: family, gangs, friends Idio is... - correct answerFAMILY (INTIMATE) CULTURE
What is The Sociological Perspective? - correct answerLooking at society and social behavior involves questioning the obvious and understanding how social forces shape, human behaviors, and social conditions *The understanding of how the forces of general social structures and social systems determine particular human behaviors, conditions, and circumstances Who discovered the Sociological Perspective? - correct answerPeter Berger What is The Sociological Imagination? - correct answerConnects personal struggles with social struggles and seeks collective or structural solutions to generalized problems *The quality of mind for solving problems with the ability to connect personal troubles with public issues Who discovered the Sociological Imagination? - correct answerCharles Wright Mills What are the KEY CONCEPTS of the Sociological Imagination? - correct answer- Personal Trouble
- Public Issues A personal problem exists if the problem ONLY exists with you alone What is Academic "Basic" Sociology? - correct answerShould the work of social sciences be oriented toward the development of a theoretical knowledge of social life ("pure", "basic", or "academic" sociology)?
- Develop theories to increase the body of sociological knowledge
- Develop theoretical knowledge of social life
- Evaluated by other academic sociologists
- Conform to rigid standards of scholarship What is Applied Sociology? - correct answerShould the work of social sciences be oriented toward particle needs ("applied sociology", "clinical sociology", or "sociological practice")?
- Focus on practical needs
- Evaluated by clients and comply with the practical needs of clients
- Find solutions to problems
- Providing clients with information that will prove decision-making and policy establishment History of Sociology - correct answerUrbanization and Interdependence What is the role of the Industrial Revolution in Sociology? - correct answerSocial Change
- Farmers →Manufacturers in factories
- Less farmers
- High demand for manufactured goods
- Industrialist Class
- Crime rates rise
- Overpopulation What are the Major Theoretical Founders of Sociology? - correct answerAugust Comte & Emile Durkheim →French Herbert Spencer→English Karl Marx & Max Weber →German
What is Social Structure / Social Static? *Comte - correct answerStructures provide ORDER What are Social Dynamics / Social Interactions? *Comte - correct answerInteractions cause CHANGE Comte's Main Ideas - correct answerCoined the term Sociology, Science is used to improve a society, Statistics provide order AND Dynamics provide change Who is Emile Durkheim? - correct answerFrench Sociologist, 1858 - 1917 Created the Department of Sociology at a University How does a Society function? *Durkheim - correct answerA SOCIAL SYSTEM of social structures What is the source of Social Phenomena? *Durkheim - correct answerSocial Structures of SOCIAL FACTS SOCIAL FACTS that have distinctive social characteristics and determinants
- Created but exists past their creators
- Shapes behaviors and expectations
- Accepted without question
- Provides opportunities Social Structures in Social Phenomena are...
*Durkheim - correct answerCharacteristics of prevailing social structures [not individual attributes] shape human behaviors and all social phenomena What is an example of a Social Phenomena? *Durkheim - correct answerSuicide What are the FOUR explanations of the Social Phenomena of Suicide? *Durkheim - correct answerEgoistic Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic Egoistic Suicide is... *Durkheim - correct answerA result of NOT BEING SUFFICIENTLY integrated into society or a meaningful social group LACK OF STRONG SOCIAL TIES, leaving individuals feeling ALONE Altruistic Suicide is... *Durkheim - correct answerA result of being OVERLY CONNECTED to a society or social group to the extent that the group takes on MORE MEANING than their PERSONAL LIVES They live for the group Anomic Suicide is... *Durkheim - correct answerA result of SUDDEN SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION, a disruption in the social condition that guides their lives, or when SOCIAL NORMS for behavior are UNCLEAR or WEAK
Forces that BOND people together in a society What are the TWO types of Social Solidarity? *Durkheim - correct answerMechanical & Organic Social Solidarity -> Organic *Durkheim - correct answer- Great cultural plurality
- Forces of Interdependence Bound together by the force of interdependence based on a COMPLEX division of labor Can be said to exist in LARGE MODERN INDUSTRIAL societies *Depend on one another for survival Social Solidarity -> Mechanical *Durkheim - correct answer- Forces of strong sharing of cultures
- Strong pressure for conformity Bound together by strong sharing values, beliefs, customs, and a string of pressure to conform to UNIFORM standards Exist in SMALL RURAL TOWNS today AND in Pre-industrial societies Durkheim's Main Ideas - correct answerSocial Solidarity AND Individual-Society relationship Who is Herbert Spencer? - correct answerBritish Philosopher and Scientist, 1820 - 1903
What is Social Evolution? *Spencer - correct answerSociety evolves from SIMPLE to COMPLEX
- Society is an ORGANISM
- Homogenous →Heterogenous
- Independence →INTERDEPENDENCE What is Natural Selection? *Spencer - correct answer"Survival of the fittest" Good Adapters v. Bad Adapters Another term for Natural Selection? *Spencer - correct answerSOCIAL DARWINISM What is Spencer labeled as? - correct answerA Social Darwinist Spencer's Main Ideas - correct answerSocial Darwinism (National Selection) AND Simple to Complex societies Who is Karl Marx? - correct answerGerman Philosopher, 1818 - 1883 What is Economic Determinism? *Marx - correct answerThe economy of a society
- The Philosophy of Economic Determinism (Historical Materialism → the history of how we distribute material things)
- Society inequality and social patterns are determined by the patterns of the economy of a society
*Marx - correct answerSeed of Destruction Proletariat exploitation → class conflicts Class conflicts → socialist revolutions Socialist revolutions → communist revolution Communist revolution → communism Marx's Dialect of Class Conflicts - correct answerThesis (Capitalism) → Anti-Thesis (Proletariat Activism) COMBINE TO MAKE → Synthesis (Socialism - Proletariat Dictatorship) → Internal Opposition COMBINE TO MAKE → Socialism (More Equality) → Internal Opposition COMBINE TO MAKE → Socialism (More Equality) → Internal Opposition COMBINE TO MAKE → COMMUNISM
- Conflict, Revolution, and the Overthrow of capitalism is INEVITABLE What are the TWO Capitalist Classes? *Marx - correct answerBourgeoisie & Proletariat What is the Bourgeoisie Class? *Marx - correct answerOwners of Industries People in the class are called: Bourgeois
What is the Proletariat Class? *Marx - correct answerWorkers People in the class are called: Proletarians Socialism is... *Marx - correct answerGiving workers shared ownership What is the dictatorship of Proletarians? *Marx - correct answerWorkers would "rule" the country What is Communism? *Marx - correct answerWhen all means of production in society are collectively owned and all members of society thus are owners and workers at the same time
- Collective ownership based on the need
- Owner and Worker collaboration What is False Consciousness? - correct answerThe inability to understand one's true class because of differences in one's outcome and job prestige What is Class Consciousness? - correct answerRecognition of their true class and the common plight of exploitation and subordination
- Awareness among members of a society that the society is stratified How is Communism achieved?
- Why might one believe in God?
- Subjective Understanding
- Verstehen
- Historical Context
- Method
- Value Free
- Objective Possibility Verstehan is... *Weber - correct answer(fash-tay-en) Empathetic understanding is to understand with empathy To understand something from the perspective of the action Ex: to understand your behavior through your own eyes Empathetic Understanding is... *Weber - correct answerOne must consider the social and historical context of social action since no behavior exists in a vacuum, "rule of thumb" is a law that allows a man to whip his wife, so long as the whip is not longer than his thumb Historical Context is... *Weber - correct answerWhat was it that was happening at the time of behavior? history is an interpretive process
Free Value is... *Weber - correct answerKeep our own values out of research, we need to understand society and human behavior for what it is Objective Possibility is... *Weber - correct answerPredictions based on objective possibility, what can happen objectively based on the change of events that are occurring in society What is Ideological Determinism? *Weber - correct answerDominant ideologies from the substructure of a society SUPERSTRUCTURE Family, Politics, Education, Religion, Medicine, Values ^ DOMINANT IDEOLOGIES ^ INFRASTRUCTURE (substructure) What is Rationalization of Society? *Weber - correct answerThe transition from Traditional to Rational Preindustrial Society is Traditional Modern Society is Rational and/or efficient What are the Ideal Types of a Society? *Weber - correct answerEssential characteristics AND for Comparison
