introduction to research methodology, Slides of Qualitative research

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Qualitative Designs: Using Words

to Provide Evidence

Objectives

 By the end of this lesson, the student will be prepared to:  (^) Contrast quantitative and qualitative research.  (^) Describe sampling and sample size determination.  (^) Describe data collection methods and data analysis.  (^) Describe evaluation of trustworthiness.  (^) List four types of qualitative research.  (^) Discuss the role of qualitative research in EBP.

Selection of Participants / Informants

 Selected because of knowledge, experience, or views related to study ( purposive )  (^) Key Informants  (^) Snowball Sampling (referrals from particiants)

Sample Size

 Sample size is determined by the information provided:  (^) Based on needs related to study purpose  Number of subjects is usually small  (^) Case studies may be used  (^) Six to 10 subjects possible  Data Saturation - time when no new information is obtained; data collection is considered complete and may stop.

Data Analysis

Occurs as data is collected.  (^) Immersion

• living with the data over time, constantly reflecting on it.  (^) Memoing
• recording ideas that emerge to as researchers live with the data.  (^) Bracketing
• a method used to set aside personal interpretations or bias.  (^) Coding & Data reduction
• Assignment of labels to transcript lines & simplification of large amounts of data into common patterns or “themes”  (^) Coding allows the data to be retrieved by category  Analysis in Qualitative Research attempts to identify common themes & patterns.

Evaluation: Trustworthiness

 Credibility  (^) truth or believability of findings  Transferability  (^) Can findings from one study be transferred to a similar context; application to different situation  Dependability  (^) Consistency in findings over time; auditability; findings are reflective of data  Confirmability  (^) Relates to rigorous attempts to be objective and maintain audit trails to document the research process; findings can be substantiated by participants.

Four Approaches to Qualitative

Research

 Phenomenological: Describes and captures the “lived experience” of study participants  Grounded theory: Explores how people define reality and how their beliefs are related to actions, and is concerned with developing theories and hypothesis  Ethnographic: Seeks to understand people (ways of living, believing, adapting, etc.) from an “emic” perspective (within a culture)  Historical research: Searches throughout history for generalities

Qualitative Research and EBP

 Considered low level evidence for practice change  Good source of evidence to understand meaning of experience, “what it’s like” and is useful for practice change initiatives

Qualitative Data:

What Does It Mean?

Objectives

 By the end of this presentation, the learner will be prepared to:  (^) Discuss sources of qualitative data  (^) Describe qualitative data analysis  (^) Discuss qualitative data as a source of evidence for practice

 Concurrent data collection and analysis (as opposed to sequential in quantitative research).  Face to face interviews and groups audio- taped and transcribed verbatim.  The researcher is simultaneously gathering data, managing a growing bulk of collected data, and interpreting the meaning of data.  May use software programs to assist.

Data Analysis

 Iterative process  Inductive process  (^) Moving from individual pieces of data to larger, more abstract themes or ideas  Numerous data analysis traditions  (^) Constant comparison  (^) Narrative analysis  (^) Thematic analysis

Data Analysis

 Generally defined as low level evidence for practice change  However, good source of evidence to understand meaning of experience, “what it’s like” and is useful for practice change initiatives

Qualitative Research and EBP

Reference

 Mauk, K.L. (2015). What do the qualitative data mean? In N. A. Schmidt & J.M Brown, Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research ( nd Ed.), (pp.391-409). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.