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Introduction to Psychology Learning Outcomes [Learning outcomes are provided to help you focus your studying for exams. The exams will highly reflect the topics listed on the Learning Outcomes which highly reflect topics discussed during the in-class lectures. Learning Outcomes review most of the material to be covered in the exam. However, it is not an exhaustive list. While not every single term may be listed outright here, you are expected to know the topic if it was discussed in class. You are expected to know the following topics by reviewing lecture notes and reading textbook sections related to them.] Chapter 1: Introduction Naturalistic Observation What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using naturalistic observation Term: Observer bias Laboratory Observation What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using as laboratory observation Case Study What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using case study research method Survey Research What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using survey research Terms: population, representative sample, social desirablility response Correlational Research What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using correlational research Terms: correlation coefficient Experimental Method What is it What are strengths/limitations Be able to identify a scenario as using experimental method Terms: independent/dependent variable, treatment/control group, confounds, placebo effect, selection bias, experimenter bias, double-blind study Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Behavior Neuron
Identify 3 parts/their functions Terms: reuptake, action potential, synapse, synaptic vesicles, axon terminal, myelin sheath Neurotransmitter What are they Specific types and their roles Brain structures: what is the function/what happens then structure is damaged Medulla, pons, reticular activating system, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, parietal/occipital/temportal,frontal lobe, Terms: plasticity, myelination, lateralization Peripheral Nervous System Role of somatic/autonomic and sympathetic/parasymptathetic nervous system Endocrine System What is its role What are types of glands and hormones they procude Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception What is difference between sensation and perception Seven sensory systems What are their respective sense organs, receptors cells, brain locations Terms: sensory adaptation, absolute threshold, difference threshold, transduction Factors that affect perception: attention, prior knowledge, top-down/bottom-up Processing Gestalt Principles What are they Identify principle given a real-life example Perceptual Constancies What are they Identify principle given a real-life example Depth Perception What are binocular depth cue What are monocular depth cues Be able to identify these cues in a real-life examples Chapter 4: Consciousness What is Consciousness What are circadian rhythms? What controls them? What can disrupt them? Stages of sleep Identify different stages of sleep What happens during the different stages of sleep Why is dreaming important Why is REM sleep important? What is rebound? Describe various sleep disorders How do hypnosis and meditation alter levels of consciousness Drugs Distinguish between drug tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, abuse, dependence
What occurs during each stage What are some reflexes that neonate is capable of? What is temperament? Describe different categories of temperament? What is attachment? Describe 2 research studies which examined attachment style What are different categories of child attachment What are different categories of parenting style? Based on the parenting style, what are various personality characteristics of child likely to be What are stages of dying? Describe research study that examined this? Chapter 13: Personality theory and assessment Describe Freud’s theory of personality development What are structures of the mind and the roles they play What are defense mechanisms, when do we use them, give examples of various kinds What are psychosexual stages of development, how do they account for different personality styles Terms: Freudian slips, fixation, regression Describe how neo-analytic theories differed from psychoanalytic theories Identify main points from Jung, Horneye, Erikson (how in depth you should know these will depend upon what we cover in class) Describe how learning/behavioral theories explain personality development Describe how trait theories explain personality development What are the Big 5 and how do they apply to personality Describe how the humanistic theory explains personality development What are main ideas of Rogers and Maslow (how in depth you should know these will depend upon what we cover in class) How do clinicians assess personality What is the difference between objective and projective personality measures Give some examples of both objective and projective personality measures Chapter 14: Psychological disorders What criteria do clinicians use to distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior What is a 5-axis diagnosis? What information is contained on each axis? What are different examples of mood disorders? What are the symptoms associated with each What are some biological, learning, cognitive explanations for the mood disorders What are different examples of anxiety disorders What are symptoms associated with each What are some biological, learning, cognitive explanations for each What are different examples of psychotic disorders What are symptoms associated with each What are some biological, social explanations for each What are examples of different disorders first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence
What are symptoms associated with each What are some biological explanations for each What are examples of different eating disorders What are symptoms associated with each What are biological, sociocultural, humanistc explanations for each What are examples of different personality disorders What are symptoms associated with each What are some biological, cognitive, learning explanations for each What are examples of different dissociative disorders What are symptoms associated with each What are some biological explanations for each Chapter 15: Therapies What are insight-oriented therapies Psychoanalytic therapy How does this therapy seek to treat psychological disorders What are basic interventions used Terms: transference, countertransference, dream analysis, interpretations, resistance for what types of clients, problems would this therapy most likely be used Humanistic therapy what are basic goals of this therapy what is involved in using person-centered therapy (Rogers) Learning/Behavioral therapies what are therapies based upon classical conditioning principles and how are they used what are therapies based upon operant conditioning principles and how are they used what are therapies based upon operant conditioning principles and how are they used Cognitive therapies what are basic goals of cognitive therapies what is rational-emotive therapy and how is it used to treat psychological disorders what is Beck’s cognitive therapy and how is it used to treat psychological disorders Biological therapies what are basic goals of biological therapies what are main biological treatments used to treat psychological disorders what are some examples of medications used to treat psychological disorders Family therapies what are basic goals of family therapies and how are they used to treat psychological disorders
