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Introduction to Psychology (Exam 1) / Key
Questions with 100% Correct Answers.
What is Psychology? - jibuThe study of mind and behavior. What is Nativism (Nature)? - jibuNativism is the theory that knowledge is innate and inborn. Our biological endowment makes up who we are. What is Empiricism (Nurture)? - jibuEmpiricism is the idea that we gain knowledge through experience and surroundings. Our environment makes up who we are. Plato - jibuHe believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature). Aristotle - jibuHe believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience. Wilhelm Wundt - jibuHe believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components. William James - jibuHe believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment. John Watson - jibuHe believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to explain their train of thought.
B.F. Skinner - jibuHe was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to circumstance. Sigmund Freud - jibuHe came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so used today. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Behaviorism - jibuan approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior Cognitive Psychology - jibuthe scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and experience Evolutionary Psychology - jibua psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection (Influenced by Darwin, James, and EO Wilson) Humanistic Psychology - jibuan approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings Social Psychology - jibuA subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal studies Cultural Psychology - jibuStudy of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Emergence of Cognitive Psychology - jibuIt became a thing when Max Wertheimer began to study illusions and errors when it came to the mind. He came up with the Gestalt theory that states that we rather perceive the "sum" over the "parts". Kurt Lewin believed that we saw the world as we saw it and not at all how it actually was. The invention of computers made most psychologists ignore this and see psychology objectively.
What is a double blind experiment? - jibuIn order to avoid observer bias, scientists use a double blind to ensure that the observer and the person being observed are unaware of the experiment. Mean, Mode, Range? - jibuMean= Average of data set, Mode= most recurring value, Range= highest value - lowest value Experimental Group - jibuThe group who experience a stimulus Control Group - jibuThe group who does not experience a stimulus Case study - jibuA method of gathering scientific knowledge through studying an individual. Nuremberg Code of 1947 - jibuThe code made after Nazi doctors would perform unethical experiments of people to protect individuals against unjust experimenting. Informed consent - jibuParticipants may not take part in a psychological study without a written agreement to participate in a study by an adult who has been informed of all risks of participation. No coercion - jibuEach participant has the right to confirm or deny participation in a study without being forced or threatened Protection from Harm - jibuPsychologists must take every possible precaution to protect their research participants from any harm. Risk-Benefit ratio - jibuParticipants may be asked to accept small forms of pain, such as low wattage shocks. However, they must NOT even be asked to endure more any pain. Psychologist should also demonstrate that social benefits can be made through the knowledge gained from the study.
Deception - jibuPsychologists may only use deception if it is justified by the study's scientific, educational, and applied value and that alternative procedures can not be used Debriefing - jibuA verbal description of a study describing its nature and purpose if the participant is deceived Confidentiality - jibuPsychologists are obligated to keep private and personal information obtained during a study confidential Neurons - jibuThey are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks Name each part of a neuron and how it processes information? - jibuThe dendrites receive information and relays it to the cell body. A cell body coordinates the information and keeps the cell alive. The axon carries this information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer covering the axon to insulate it. It is composed of glial cells which is used to support the nervous system. Lastly, the action potential reaches the terminal button, or presynaptic gap to be released into it. This gap between this axon and the dendrites of another is called the synapse. Sensory Neurons - jibuIt receives information from the outside world and relays it to the spinal cord and brain Interneurons - jibuIt connects sensory and motor neuron Motor Neurons - jibuIt receives information from the spinal cord and relays it to the muscle to produce movement
Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System - jibuPNS: Somatic is the set of nerves that convey information between voluntary muscles. Autonomic is the set of nerves that convey information between involuntary muscles. Autonomic Subdivisions - jibuANS: Sympathetic are the group of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations. Parasympathetic helps the body return to normal settings. Central Nervous System - jibuIt is composed of the brain and the spinal cord Different Lobes of the Brain and their functions? - jibuFrontal: movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement Temporal: Responsible for hearing and language Parietal: Information about Touch Occipital Lobe: Responsible for visual information Other areas of the brain and their main functions? - jibuAmygdala: It plays a role in emotional processes and memories, particularly fear Cerebellum: It controls fine motor skills and balance Hippocampus: Critical for creating new memories and inputting them into a storage for long- term memory Medulla: extension of spinal cord that regulates heart rate, circulation, and respiration Thalamus: Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex Phineas Gage - jibuA 3-foot, 13 lbs. iron rod struck his head high speed and went through lower left jaw and exited the middle of his frontal lobe. Before the accident, he was quiet mannered and nice. After, he became irritable and rude.
Consciousness - jibuA person's subjective experience to the outside world and mind Four properties of consciousness - jibuUnity: Resistance to division Intentionality: The quality of being directed towards an object Selectivity: The capacity to include some objects, but not others Transcience: The tendency to change What is "the problem of other minds"? - jibuThe fundamental difficulty we have of perceiving the consciousness of others. How do you know if someone is conscience? Just because they tell you they are? And how can you tell if another person's experience is anything like yours? What is the "mind/body problem"? - jibuHow is the mind related to the brain and body? Descartes is famous for believing that the mind and body are two separate entities. However; Your brain is getting started to do before you can even think about it. Levels of Consciousness: Minimal? Full? Self-consciousness? - jibuMinimal: Low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior Full: A consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state Self-Consciousness: A distinct level of consciousness in which a person's attention is drawn to itself as an object Change blindness - jibuThe phenomenon that people are unable to keep track of all information in a complex scene Default Network - jibuA network of brain regions that are active even when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest
Aristotle - Answer: He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience. Wilhelm Wundt - Answer: He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components. William James - Answer: He believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment. John Watson - Answer: He believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to explain their train of thought. B.F. Skinner - Answer: He was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to circumstance. Sigmund Freud - Answer: He came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so used today. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Behaviorism - Answer: an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior Cognitive Psychology - Answer: the scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and experience Evolutionary Psychology - Answer: a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection (Influenced by Darwin, James, and EO Wilson)
Humanistic Psychology - Answer: an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings Social Psychology - Answer: A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal studies Cultural Psychology - Answer: Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Emergence of Cognitive Psychology - Answer: It became a thing when Max Wertheimer began to study illusions and errors when it came to the mind. He came up with the Gestalt theory that states that we rather perceive the "sum" over the "parts". Kurt Lewin believed that we saw the world as we saw it and not at all how it actually was. The invention of computers made most psychologists ignore this and see psychology objectively. Operational Definition - Answer: It is the description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. For example, you can operationally define happiness as the amount of times that someone smiles. Dependent variable - Answer: A variable whose value depends on another variable Independent variable - Answer: A variable who is manipulated for an experiment, but does not depend on another Reliability - Answer: It is the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing. Power - Answer: An instrument's ability to detect change in the property. Validity - Answer: The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property
Nuremberg Code of 1947 - Answer: The code made after Nazi doctors would perform unethical experiments of people to protect individuals against unjust experimenting. Informed consent - Answer: Participants may not take part in a psychological study without a written agreement to participate in a study by an adult who has been informed of all risks of participation. No coercion - Answer: Each participant has the right to confirm or deny participation in a study without being forced or threatened Protection from Harm - Answer: Psychologists must take every possible precaution to protect their research participants from any harm. Risk-Benefit ratio - Answer: Participants may be asked to accept small forms of pain, such as low wattage shocks. However, they must NOT even be asked to endure more any pain. Psychologist should also demonstrate that social benefits can be made through the knowledge gained from the study. Deception - Answer: Psychologists may only use deception if it is justified by the study's scientific, educational, and applied value and that alternative procedures can not be used Debriefing - Answer: A verbal description of a study describing its nature and purpose if the participant is deceived Confidentiality - Answer: Psychologists are obligated to keep private and personal information obtained during a study confidential Neurons - Answer: They are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
Name each part of a neuron and how it processes information? - Answer: The dendrites receive information and relays it to the cell body. A cell body coordinates the information and keeps the cell alive. The axon carries this information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer covering the axon to insulate it. It is composed of glial cells which is used to support the nervous system. Lastly, the action potential reaches the terminal button, or presynaptic gap to be released into it. This gap between this axon and the dendrites of another is called the synapse. Sensory Neurons - Answer: It receives information from the outside world and relays it to the spinal cord and brain Interneurons - Answer: It connects sensory and motor neuron Motor Neurons - Answer: It receives information from the spinal cord and relays it to the muscle to produce movement Mirror Neurons - Answer: Neurons that fire when someone you see is performing an action and you are able to empathize similarly to it. Synapse - Answer: It is the area in which axons are allowed to communicate with one another How does a neuron enter and leave a synapse? - Answer: It enters through a sodium-potassium pump. It can leave by either being taken up by the post-synaptic cell, it can be broken down by enzymes, through reuptake, and by auto receptors. Acetylcholine - Answer: It is involved with voluntary motor control. (Alzheimers) Dopamine - Answer: It is involved with motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal. (Parkinson's disease & Schizophrenia)
Parietal: Information about Touch Occipital Lobe: Responsible for visual information Other areas of the brain and their main functions? - Answer: Amygdala: It plays a role in emotional processes and memories, particularly fear Cerebellum: It controls fine motor skills and balance Hippocampus: Critical for creating new memories and inputting them into a storage for long- term memory Medulla: extension of spinal cord that regulates heart rate, circulation, and respiration Thalamus: Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex Phineas Gage - Answer: A 3-foot, 13 lbs. iron rod struck his head high speed and went through lower left jaw and exited the middle of his frontal lobe. Before the accident, he was quiet mannered and nice. After, he became irritable and rude. Consciousness - Answer: A person's subjective experience to the outside world and mind Four properties of consciousness - Answer: Unity: Resistance to division Intentionality: The quality of being directed towards an object Selectivity: The capacity to include some objects, but not others Transcience: The tendency to change What is "the problem of other minds"? - Answer: The fundamental difficulty we have of perceiving the consciousness of others. How do you know if someone is conscience? Just because they tell you they are? And how can you tell if another person's experience is anything like yours?
What is the "mind/body problem"? - Answer: How is the mind related to the brain and body? Descartes is famous for believing that the mind and body are two separate entities. However; Your brain is getting started to do before you can even think about it. Levels of Consciousness: Minimal? Full? Self-consciousness? - Answer: Minimal: Low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior Full: A consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state Self-Consciousness: A distinct level of consciousness in which a person's attention is drawn to itself as an object Change blindness - Answer: The phenomenon that people are unable to keep track of all information in a complex scene Default Network - Answer: A network of brain regions that are active even when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest Freud and the Unconscious Mind - Answer: Dynamic Unconscious: an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the deepest instincts and desires, and the struggle to control them. With repression, these memories are held in the reccesses of the dynamic unconscious Cognitive (Modern) Unconscious: All aspects of a person's mental processes giving rise to thoughts, actions, feelings, even though they are not being experienced by the person Thought suppression and the rebound effect of thought suppression? And ironic processes of mental control? - Answer: Suppression is the conscious decision to avoid a thought. The rebound effect is the tendency for a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression. The ironic processes of mental control is the ironic errors that occur when trying not to produce them Stages of sleep - Answer: Awake (Alpha-beta waves)
