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Material Type: Notes; Class: Pathophysiology; Subject: Biology; University: Missouri Western State University; Term: Fall 2008;
Typology: Study notes
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Check out the Class Website at: http://academic.missouriwestern.edu/rachow Academic Honesty & Attendance Policy Office Hours Grading Policy Sample Exams Basic Notes for Class Notes are available in pdf format How to register your “clickers” for CPS CPS Class Key for Fall 2008 N40598H
Let’s all JOIN the class Turn on your clicker Clickers will autojoin when turned on Attendance will be taken daily by clicker Keep your clicker handy, we will answer some quiz questions as we go through the material today. To answer a question, press your choice; the clicker will automatically send your response You can change your answer: Just enter new choice. Health and Disease Disease may be defined as a deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness. Disease develops when significant changes occur in the body leading to a state in which homeostasis cannot be maintained. When defining normal values for health indicators, the figures usually represent an average or range of values expected. Terms used in Pathophysiology Pathophysiology is the study of the functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes. Pathology is the study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease. These studies are often valuable in establishing the cause of a disease.
Latent Prodromal Manifestations Signs Symptoms Lesion Syndrome Diagnostic tests Remissions and exacerbations Precipitating factor Complications Therapy Sequelae Convalescence
Prognosis Morbidity Mortality Epidemiology Epidemics and pandemics Incidence Communicable disease Notifiable or reportable disease Autopsy Cellular Adaptations in disease Sometimes adaptations are normal changes such as increased breast development during pregnancy and lactation. Abnormal changes may be precursors to pathological changes such as the development of tumors or cancer.
Cell Damage and Necrosis Cells may be damaged or destroyed by changes in: Metabolic processes ATP production pH in the cells Or by damage to the cell membrane Mechanisms Causing Cell Injury Ischemia Physical agents Mechanical damage Chemical toxins Microorganisms Abnormal metabolites in cells Nutritional deficiencies Imbalance of fluids and electrolytes Cell damage occurs in stages Initial cell damage causes alteration in a metabolic reaction This leads to a loss of function If the factor causing the initial damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to recover and return to its normal state Otherwise, the cell damage becomes irreversible and the cell dies
Events after cell death After the cell dies, the nucleus disintegrates Lysosomal enzymes are released and cause lysis of the cell Lysosomal enzymes cause inflammation and damage to nearby cells If large numbers of cells die, released substances enter the blood and may be used to diagnose the type of cells involved or the cause of the damage More Terms Necrosis is the term used when a group of cells die. The process of cell death varies with the cause of damage and type of cells: Liquefaction necrosis is where dead cells liquefy in presence of certain enzymes Coagulative necrosis occurs when cell proteins are denatured and maintain some shape, as in cooking egg whites. Infarction is the term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen; this can result in a loss of function within the organ affected, e.g. myocardial infarction.
