Introduction to nursing theories, Slides of Nursing

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Introduction to

nursing theories

Dr. Murtada Mustafa Gaber Tia PhD, RN University of Bisha- KSA

Learning objectives

By the end of this lecture the student should be able to:

• Define theory.
• Define components of theory.
• Identify concepts of nursing theory
• State characteristics of theories
• Describe types of nursing theories
• Classify nursing theories
• Identify historical perspectives of nursing theories

The components of a theory

• Concepts: ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena.
• Definitions: convey the general meaning of the concepts
• Assumptions: statements that describe concepts
• Phenomenon: aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced.

Paradigm

• A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline.

Person

Nursing

Environment

Health

oPerson/client

 Recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and socio cultural components

 Individual, family, or community.

oEnvironment

 All internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person.

Purposes of nursing theory

• It guides nursing practice and generates knowledge
• It helps to describe or explain nursing
• Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing WHAT they are doing.

The characteristics of theories

 Interrelating concepts.

 Logical in nature.

 Generalizable.

 Bases for hypotheses that can be tested.

 Increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline.

Classification of Nursing

Theories

1. Needs theories.
2. Interaction theories.
3. Outcome theories.
4. Humanistic theories

• These categories indicate the basic philosophical base of the theories

1. Needs theories

• These theories are based around helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs.

“This theories are relying too much on the medical model of health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position”.

3. Outcome theories

• These describe the nurse as the changing force, who enables individuals to adapt to or cope with ill health.
• “This theories are too abstract and difficult to implement in practice”.

4. Humanistic Theories

• Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s capacity for self actualization.
• Humanists believes that the person contains within himself the potential for healthy and creative growth.

• Abdellah et al (1960) emphasizes

delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of the client and family.

• Orlando 1962: the client is an individual; with a need; that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.

• Johnson’s Theory 1968: focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt.
• Orem1971: Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.