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BIOL 260BIOL 260:: Human PhysiologyHuman Physiology
Spring 2009Spring 2009 W,W, Feb.Feb. 4,4, 2009 2009
Dr. Nathan Staples (Ph.D., UCSB 2002)Dr. Nathan Staples (Ph.D., UCSB 2002)
www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol260www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol
1.1. Lecture slides will be posted during the previous evening before lecture.Lecture slides will be posted during the previous evening before lecture. Print WISELY if you choose to printPrint WISELY if you choose to print (multiple pages/sheet, double(multiple pages/sheet, double--sided).sided). 2.2. PrePre--LabLab WriteupsWriteups:: Be sure to prepareBe sure to prepare beforebefore eacheach MondayMonday ’s labs (for’s labs (for WHOLE weekWHOLE week –– Mon. & Wed.!)!!Mon. & Wed.!)!!
- • (What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab????
3.3. ExperimentExperiment 3 Monday: Neurology3 Monday: Neurology –– PhysioExPhysioEx. Work on Rpt. 2.. Work on Rpt. 2.
4.4. Next week’s Labs:Next week’s Labs: PhysioExPhysioEx (#3), and Expt. 2. Also: Quiz #1!!!(#3), and Expt. 2. Also: Quiz #1!!!
- • Practice Quiz posted TODAY onPractice Quiz posted TODAY on WebAccessWebAccess!!!! (( http://smccd.mrooms.nethttp://smccd.mrooms.net// )) 5.5. Lab Expt. 1 report (“Homeostasis”)Lab Expt. 1 report (“Homeostasis”) due TODAY:due TODAY: a)a) Brief introduction, data and analysis (graphs and explanations), conclusionsBrief introduction, data and analysis (graphs and explanations), conclusions (( answer questions from theanswer questions from the CaCaññadaada Physiology websitePhysiology website )) b)b) Write as a group (3Write as a group (3--5)!! … Typed! With clearly5)!! … Typed! With clearly--labeled, correct graphs.labeled, correct graphs.
REVIEWREVIEW
1.1. Citing specific examples, compare and contrastCiting specific examples, compare and contrast positive and negativepositive and negative feedback loopsfeedback loops that control reflex pathways.that control reflex pathways. 2.2. Describe and diagramDescribe and diagram membrane structuremembrane structure. Explain some functions of at. Explain some functions of at leastleast 5 types of membrane components5 types of membrane components..
TODAY:TODAY: Students should be able to….Students should be able to….
1.1. CompareCompare and contrast the various methods ofand contrast the various methods of passive (2) and active (3)passive (2) and active (3) membrane transportmembrane transport .. 22 2.2. Using diagrams, compare and contrast U iU iUsing diagrams, compare and contrast didi dd tt tt chemical (tonicity) and electricalchemical (tonicity) and electricalhh ii l (tl (t i it )i it ) dd ll t it i ll equilibriumequilibrium in cells. What are the uses of disequilibrium?in cells. What are the uses of disequilibrium? 3.3. Define and describeDefine and describe resting membrane potentialresting membrane potential. How is it maintained,. How is it maintained, and why is it important for cell function?and why is it important for cell function? 4.4. Describe and diagram howDescribe and diagram how sodium and potassiumsodium and potassium permeabilitiespermeabilities areare altered to establish resting membrane potentials, and to causealtered to establish resting membrane potentials, and to cause depolarizationsdepolarizations…………
Transporter Proteins:Transporter Proteins:
ChannelsChannels –– Open & GatedOpen & Gated
Figure 5-11: Gating of channel proteins
5.2) Body Fluid5.2) Body Fluid
CompartmentsCompartments
- • IntracellularIntracellular
(ICF)(ICF)
- • ExtracellularExtracellular
(ECF)(ECF)
- – InterstitialInterstitialInterstitialInterstitial
- – PlasmaPlasma
Figure 5-13 (2004): Body fluid compartments
- • Uses transport proteins (Channels or Carriers)Uses transport proteins (Channels or Carriers)
- • Passive Diffusion to EquilibriumPassive Diffusion to Equilibrium
A. Passive: FacilitatedA. Passive: Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion
Figure 5- 14: Diffusion stops at equilibrium
Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
Figure 5-15: Diffusion of glucose into cells
B. Primary Active Transport:B. Primary Active Transport:
Pumps ProductsPumps Products
move productsmove products
concentrationconcentration gradientgradient
- – Low []Low [] ÆÆ high []high []
Figure 5Figure 5--16: The Na16: The Na ++^ - - KK ++^ - -ATPaseATPase
Primary Active Transport:Primary Active Transport: ATPATP--Powered Protein PumpsPowered Protein Pumps
Na+/K+ Pump!!Na+/K+ Pump!!
Figure 5Figure 5--17:17: Mechanism of theMechanism of the NaNa ++^ - - KK ++^ - -ATPaseATPase
- • Move particlesMove particles
- • LargeLarge
D. Vesicles in Membrane TransportD. Vesicles in Membrane Transport
LargeLarge
moleculesmolecules
- • PhagosomePhagosome
- – FFFFusion with usion withii ithith lysosomelysosome
- • PhagocytesPhagocytes
ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS
E. Endocytosis & Exocytosis:E. Endocytosis & Exocytosis:
VacuoleTransportVacuoleTransport
- • ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS::
- – PinocytosisPinocytosis : non: non--selective; small particlesselective; small particles
- – PhagocytosisPhagocytosis : non: non--selective; large particlesselective; large particles
- – Receptor mediated EndocytosisReceptor mediated EndocytosisReceptorReceptor mediated Endocytosis mediated Endocytosis : specific: specific:: specific specific
substrate (ligand) onlysubstrate (ligand) only
Endocytosis & Exocytosis:Endocytosis & Exocytosis: Transport & Membrane CyclingTransport & Membrane Cycling
Figure 5Figure 5--24:24: ReceptorReceptor-- mediatedmediated endocytosisendocytosis and exocytosisand exocytosis
11 Cross two membranesCross two membranes
F. Transepithelial andF. Transepithelial and
TranscytosisTranscytosis
1 1. Cross two membranes. Cross two membranes
a)a) ApicalApical
b)b) BasolateralBasolateral
2.2.2.2. AbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorption : lumen to ECF: lumen to ECF: lumen to ECF: lumen to ECF
3.3. SecretionSecretion : ECF to: ECF to
lumen/surfacelumen/surface
- • About 60% of bodyAbout 60% of body
weight is waterweight is water
Distribution of Water and SolutesDistribution of Water and Solutes in the Body Compartmentsin the Body Compartments
intracellularintracellular
extracellularextracellular
- – 25% = interstitial25% = interstitial%%
- – 8% = plasma8% = plasma
- • % varies slightly with% varies slightly with
gender and agegender and age Figure 5Figure 5--28: Distribution of volume in the28: Distribution of volume in the body fluid compartmentsbody fluid compartments
1.1. Water freely crossesWater freely crosses
membranesmembranes
2 2 OO titi
5.4)5.4) OsmosisOsmosis & Osmotic& Osmotic
EquilibriumEquilibrium
2 2. Osmotic pressure.Osmotic pressure ((mm Hg, atm)mm Hg, atm)
3.3. OsmolarityOsmolarity
- – Molarity x # particles inMolarity x # particles in solution/molecule (osm/L)solution/molecule (osm/L)
4.4. OsmolalityOsmolality – – using body wt.using body wt.
- – MilliMilliMilliMilliosmoles solute/kg water osmoles solute/kg waterll l t /kl t /k tt
5.5. Comparing two solutionsComparing two solutions
a)a) IsosmoticIsosmotic (same)(same) b)b) HyperosmoticHyperosmotic (more)(more) c)c) HyposmoticHyposmotic (less)(less) (^) Figure 5-29: Osmosis and osmotic pressure
osmolarityosmolarity but alsobut also
A.A. TonicityTonicity:: How a CellHow a Cell
ReactsReacts in a Solutionin a Solution
osmolarityosmolarity , but also, but also
permeabilitypermeability of solutesof solutes
- – = measure of effect on= measure of effect on cell !!!cell !!!
- • Penetrating solutePenetrating solute
- • NonNon--penetrating solutepenetrating solutepp gg
- • IsotonicIsotonic ÆÆ cell samecell same
- • HypertonicHypertonic ÆÆ cell shrivelscell shrivels
- • HypotonicHypotonic ÆÆ cell swellscell swells Figure 5Figure 5--31a, b: Tonicity depends on the relative31a, b: Tonicity depends on the relative concentrations of nonpenetrating solutesconcentrations of nonpenetrating solutes
Tonicity: How a Cell ReactsTonicity: How a Cell Reacts
in a Solutionin a Solution
- • PPPPenetrating solutes can move enetrating solutes can movett titi ll tt and disrupt the chemical /and disrupt the chemical / osmotic equilibrium!!osmotic equilibrium!!
Figure 5-31c, d: Tonicity depends on the relative concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes
1.) Membrane Potentials:1.) Membrane Potentials:
PotassiumPotassium (major contributor!!)(major contributor!!)
Figure 5Figure 5--34: Potassium equilibrium potential34: Potassium equilibrium potential
Membrane Potentials:Membrane Potentials:
PotassiumPotassium
Figure 5-
2.)2.) Membrane PotentialsMembrane Potentials:: SodiumSodium
Figure 5Figure 5--35: Sodium equilibrium potential35: Sodium equilibrium potential
Figure 5-
1.1. Rapid communication for homeostatic balance.Rapid communication for homeostatic balance.
2.2. Emergent properties of intelligence & emotion.Emergent properties of intelligence & emotion.
8.1) Organization of the8.1) Organization of the
Nervous SystemNervous System
3.3. Central Nervous system (CNS)Central Nervous system (CNS)
a)a) BrainBrain b)b) Spinal CordSpinal Cord
4.4. Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
a)a) Afferent (sensory) nervesAfferent (sensory) nerves -- APNSAPNS b)b) Efferent (response) nerves)) Efferent (response) nerves -(( )) - EPNSEPNS 1.1. Autonomic Neurons (visceral system)Autonomic Neurons (visceral system) a)a) SympatheticSympathetic –– “Fight or Flight”“Fight or Flight” b)b) ParasympatheticParasympathetic –– “Rest and Digest”“Rest and Digest”
- • Both antagonize each other on target organs: smoothBoth antagonize each other on target organs: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands/cells, somemuscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands/cells, some endocrine glands/cells, & some adipose tissueendocrine glands/cells, & some adipose tissue 2.2. Somatic Motor NeuronsSomatic Motor Neurons
- • Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles ÆÆ tissue responsestissue responses
Organization of the Nervous SystemOrganization of the Nervous System
CNS:CNS:
PNS:PNS: APNSAPNS
EPNSEPNS
Figure 8-1: Organization of the nervous system
ENS:ENS:
