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Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors, Study notes of Physics

These atoms start vibrating and transfer their energy to neighboring air molecules. In this way, a resistor dissipates electrical energy into heat energy. • ...

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

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Introduction to Electricity
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Download Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors and more Study notes Physics in PDF only on Docsity!

Introduction to Electricity

  • Symbol: (q)
  • Unit: Coulomb (C)
  • The fundamental electric quantity is charge.
  • Atoms are composed of charge carrying particles: electrons and protons , and neutral particles, neutrons.
  • The smallest amount of charge that exists is carried by an electron and a proton.
  • Charge in an electron: qe = - 1.602x
  • 19 C
  • Charge in a proton: qp = 1.602x10-^19 C

Charge

Current-Water Analogy

Voltage

  • Potential difference across two terminals in a circuit “across variable.”
  • In order to move charge from point A to point B, work needs to be done.
  • Like potential energy at a water fall. - Let A be the lower potential/voltage terminal - Let B be the higher potential/voltage terminal o Then, voltage across A and B is the cost in energy required to move a unit positive charge from A to B.
  • Symbol: V
  • Unit: Volt

Voltage/Current-Water Analogy

Series Connection of Cells

  • Each cell provides 1.5 V
  • Two cells connected one after another, in series , provide 3 V, while three cells would provide 4.5 V
  • Polarities matter

Wire-Water Analogy

Resistor Concept —I

  • Flow of electric current through a conductor experiences a certain amount of

resistance.

  • The resistance, expressed in ohms (, named after George ohm), kilo-ohms (k,

1000 ), or mega-ohms (M, 10

6

) is a measure of how much a resistor resists

the flow of electricity.

  • The magnitude of resistance is dictated by electric properties of the material and

material geometry.

  • This behavior of materials is often used to control/limit electric current flow in

circuits.

  • Henceforth, the conductors that exhibit the property of resisting current flow are

called resistors.

Resistor Symbols

Resistors-Water Analogy

Resistor V-I Characteristic

  • In a typical resistor, a conducting element displays linear voltage-current

relationship. (i.e., current through a resistor is directly proportional to the

voltage across it).

I  V

  • Using G as a constant of proportionality, we obtain:

I = GV

  • Equivalently,

V = RI (or V = IR)

where R = 1/G.

  • R is termed as the resistance of conductor (ohm, )
  • G is termed as the conductance of conductor (mho, )

Resistors: Power Rating and Composition

  • It is very important to be aware of power rating of resistor used in

circuits and to make sure that this limit is not violated. A higher power

rating resistor can dissipate more energy that a lower power rating

resistor.

  • Resistors can be made of :
    • Carbon film (decomposition of carbon film on a ceramic core).
    • Carbon composition (carbon powder and glue-like binder).
    • Metal oxide (ceramic core coated with metal oxide).
    • Precision metal film.
    • High power wire wound.

Resistor Examples

Resistor

Contact leads

Symbol for resistor

Resistor Color Codes

Silver - x. White 9 X Grey 8 X Purple 7 X Blue 6 X Green 5 X Yellow 4 X Orange 3 X Red 2 X Brown 1 X Black 0 X Gold - x.

Band color Digit Multiplier

Gold 5%

Silver 10%

Red 2%

Brown 1%

Color Tolerance

None ±20%

Example

  • The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4
  • The second band is violet, so the second digit is 7
  • The third band is red, so the multiplier is
  • Resistor value is (^47 105) %( )

 

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