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CRJS 355 Study Guide for Examination #5: White-Collar Crime and Organized Crime - Prof. Ch, Study notes of Criminal Justice

This study guide provides an overview of white-collar crime and organized crime, including definitions, examples, and legislation. Topics covered include bribery, counterfeit/forgery, embezzlement, fraud offenses, corporate crime, environmental crime, and occupational crimes. The guide also discusses the sarbanes-oxley act and the rico act, as well as trends in drug use and theories explaining drug/alcohol use.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 05/11/2011

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Study Guide for Examination #5
CRJS 355- Barnes
Spring 2011
Prostitution
-
Guest Lecturer
-
Text (pp. 260-261)
History of White-Collar Crime
Founder?
-Edwin Southerland 1939. Raised concern over the criminological community’s
preoccupation with the law statute, offender and street crimes with relative
inattention given to people in “higher status” occupants.
Types/examples of white-collar crime: SEE BLACKBOARD.
Measurement: FBI calculates by type of offense, “those illegal acts which are characterized by
deceit, concealment, or violation of trust, and which are not dependent upon the application or threat
of physical acts or violence. Individuals or organizations commit these acts to obtain money, property
or services; to avoid payment or loss of $ or services, or to secure personal or business advantage
(USDOJ, 1989).
3 major orientations
Type of offender: high SES or occupation of trust.
Type of offense: economic crimes.
Terms of organizational culture: rather than offender and offense.
Definitions and examples/scenarios:
Bribery: offering, giving, receiving or soliciting of anything of value to sway
Judgment or action.
Counterfeit/Forgery: The altering, copying, or imitation of something, without authority or
right, with the intent to deceive or defraud by passing the copy of
thing altered or imitated as that which is original or genuine; or the
selling, buying, or possession of an altered, copied, or imitated thing
with the intent to deceive or defraud.
Embezzlement: The unlawful misappropriation by an offender to his/her own use or
Purpose of money, property, or some other thing of value entrusted to
his/her care, custody, or control.
Fraud Offenses: The intentional perversion of the truth for the purpose of inducing another
Person or other entity in reliance upon it to part with something of value or
to surrender a legal right. False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game, Credit
Card/ATM Fraud, Impersonation, Welfare Fraud, Wire Fraud
Corporate crime
Environmental crime
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Download CRJS 355 Study Guide for Examination #5: White-Collar Crime and Organized Crime - Prof. Ch and more Study notes Criminal Justice in PDF only on Docsity!

Study Guide for Examination # CRJS 355- Barnes Spring 2011 Prostitution

Guest Lecturer

Text (pp. 260-261) History of White-Collar Crime Founder?

  • Edwin Southerland 1939. Raised concern over the criminological community’s preoccupation with the law statute, offender and street crimes with relative inattention given to people in “higher status” occupants. Types/examples of white-collar crime: SEE BLACKBOARD. Measurement: FBI calculates by type of offense, “those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust, and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical acts or violence. Individuals or organizations commit these acts to obtain money, property or services; to avoid payment or loss of $ or services, or to secure personal or business advantage (USDOJ, 1989). 3 major orientations Type of offender: high SES or occupation of trust. Type of offense: economic crimes. Terms of organizational culture: rather than offender and offense. Definitions and examples/scenarios: Bribery: offering, giving, receiving or soliciting of anything of value to sway Judgment or action. Counterfeit/Forgery: The altering, copying, or imitation of something, without authority or right, with the intent to deceive or defraud by passing the copy of thing altered or imitated as that which is original or genuine; or the selling, buying, or possession of an altered, copied, or imitated thing with the intent to deceive or defraud. Embezzlement: The unlawful misappropriation by an offender to his/her own use or Purpose of money, property, or some other thing of value entrusted to his/her care, custody, or control. Fraud Offenses: The intentional perversion of the truth for the purpose of inducing another Person or other entity in reliance upon it to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right. False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game, Credit Card/ATM Fraud, Impersonation, Welfare Fraud, Wire Fraud Corporate crime Environmental crime

Occupational Crimes Sarbanes- Oxley Act

  • International as well as domestic. Created new standards for corporate accountability as well as new penalties for acts of wrongdoing. It changes how corporate boards and executives must interact with each other and with corporate auditors. It removes the defense of "I wasn't aware of financial issues" from CEOs and CFOs, holding them accountable for the accuracy of financial statements. The Act specifies new financial reporting responsibilities, including adherance to new internal controls and procedures designed to ensure the validity of their financial records. Organized Crime (pp. 234-239) Definition: The Act was the product of two sets of hearings in the Senate, the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management hearings of 1957- 1959, and the McClellan Committee Hearings of 1962-1964. The Act prohibits the creation or management of a gambling organization involving five or more people if it has been in business more than 30 days or accumulates $2,000 in gross revenue in a single day. It also gave grand juries new powers, permitted detention of unmanageable witnesses, and gave the U.S. Attorney General authorization to protect witnesses, both state and federal, and their families.[2]^ This last measure helped lead to the creation of WITSEC, an acronym for witness security. RICO Act: The RICO Act, short for Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, was enacted by the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Its main purpose is to give extended penalties in the prosecution of organized criminal acts, and was targeted at the mob although it has since then been used in cases including police departments and gang activity. To be found guilty of racketeering under the RICO act, a person must have committed two of 35 crimes-27 federal crimes and 8 state crimes-within a 10-year period. Prosecution under the RICO act also allows for a civil suit component, with damage penalties tripled if found guilty. If found guilty, the defendent must also forfeit all gains made from the illicit activities.

What is it? International Criminal Police Organization: INTERPOL. International Courts of Justice: settles dispute between nations. “World Court” International Criminal Court: since 2002. “The Hauge” crimes committed in state After 2002 only. History of Comparative Criminology

Benefits of Comparative Criminal Justice Research

Characteristics of Terrorism and Types of Terrorists

Process of comparative research

  • Identify countries or cultures to be studied
  • Analyze the legal systems represented by those countries/cultures
  • Study history, culture, political and SES conditions
  • Identify and analyze the crime and criminal justice actualities
  • Identify and analyze specific issues to be compared
  • Select existing or create new databases for analysis
  • Then, feeds into one or more of the 3 principal purposed of comparative criminological studies Types/examples of transnational crimes
  • Drug crimes. Methodological problems of comparative criminology
  • Most countries collect data on the total number of crimes recorded but the manner and level of recording can vary quite significantly, making direct comparisons difficult. Reasons for differing recording practices include:
  • Different legal and justice systems;
  • Different definitions of offenses, and the offenses that are included in the official figures;
  • Rates at which crimes are reported to the police and recorded;
  • The rules by which multiple offences are counted; and,
  • Data quality.